Parentheses, solving a formula with, 58
Pascal, Blaise, 601, 701
Pascal’s triangle, 701
Payment period of an ordinary annuity,
695
Percent problems, 60
interpreting from graphs, 61
involving percent increase or decrease,
61–62
Perfect square trinomial, 334
factoring of, 334
Perigee, 410
of an ellipse, 649
Perimeter of an ellipse, 672
Perpendicular lines, slopes of, 153, 165
pH, 604–605
application of, 604–605
Pi ( ), 4
Plane, 226
coordinates of points in, 137
plotting points in, 136
Point(s)
collinear, 160
coordinate on a line, 3
coordinates in a plane, 137
Point-slope form, 162–163, 166
Polynomial(s), 278
addition of, 280
degree of, 279
in descending powers, 279
division of, 302
factoring, 320, 339, 341
factoring by substitution, 331
greatest common factor of, 320
multiplication of, 293
negative of, 281
prime, 326
steps to factor, 339
subtraction of, 281
term of, 278
inx, 279
Polynomial equations, 343
Polynomial function(s), 284
addition of, 285
cubing, 289
of degree n, 284
division of, 305
domain of, 288
evaluating, 284
graphs of, 288–289
identity, 288–2899
modeling data using, 285
multiplication of, 298
range of, 288
squaring, 289
subtraction of, 285
Polynomial inequality, 555
third-degree, 555
Positive root, 428
Positive slope, 152
Positive square root, 26
Power rule
for exponents, 268–269
for logarithms, 597
for radical equations, 468
Powers, 24
descending, 279
Powers of i, 479
simplifying, 479
Prime polynomial, 326
Principalnth root, 428
Principal square root, 26, 428
Product, 17
of sum and difference of two terms, 296
Product rule
for exponents, 264, 269
for logarithms, 595
for radicals, 443
Progression
arithmetic, 684
geometric, 691
Proportion, 397
solving, 397–398
Proportional, 407
Pure imaginary number, 476
Pythagoras, 427
Pythagorean theorem, 427, 448, 524Quadrants, 137
Quadratic equations, 344, 496
applications of, 347–348, 525
completing the square method for
solving, 499
with complex solutions, 502
discriminant of, 508, 544
factoring method for solving, 345
with nonreal complex solutions, 502
quadratic formula for solving, 506
square root method for solving, 496
standard form of, 344, 496
steps to solve by completing the
square, 500
steps to solve by factoring, 345
substitution method for solving, 516,
518
summary of methods for solving, 522
types of solutions, 508
zero-factor property for solving, 343, 496
Quadratic formula, 505–506
derivation of, 505–506
solving quadratic equations using, 506
Quadratic functions, 525, 532
application using, 526, 535, 545
general characteristics of, 534
graphs of, 531
maximum value of, 545
minimum value of, 545
steps to graph, 543
zeros of, 349
Quadratic in form equations, 516
Quadratic inequalities, 552graphs of, 552
steps to solve, 554
Quotient, 18
Quotient rule
for exponents, 267, 269
for logarithms, 596
for radicals, 444Radical equations, 468
extraneous solutions of, 468
power rule for solving, 468
steps for solving, 469
Radical expressions, 429
addition of, 453–455
graphs of, 429–430
multiplication of, 458
rationalizing the denominator of, 459
rationalizing the numerator of, 463
simplifying, 443
subtraction of, 453–455
Radical symbol, 26, 428
Radicals, 428
conditions for simplified form, 445, 466
equations with, 468
index of, 428
multiplication of, 443
order of, 428
product rule for, 443
quotient rule for, 444
simplifying, 445
Radicand, 428
Radius of a circle, 642
Range
of a function, 184
of a relation, 184
Rate, 82
Rate of change, 7, 154
average, 154–155
Rate of work, 401
Ratio, 397
Rational equations, 386
calculator graphing method for solving, 390
domain of, 386
with no solutions, 387–388
Rational exponents, 435
evaluating terms with, 437
radical form of, 438
rules for, 439
Rational expressions, 362
addition of, 371
addition with different denominators, 373
addition with opposite denominators, 375
applications of, 396
definition of, 362
division of, 367
equations with, 386
formulas with, 396
lowest terms of, 363
multiplication of, 366
reciprocals of, 367R
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