Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law

Execution

American methods of,1: 187

competency for,1:112–115

moral disengagement and,2:515–518

wrongful conviction and,1:189,2:869–873

See alsoCapital cases; Death penalty

Exhibitionism,2:734–735

Expectancies,2: 777

Expert psychological testimony, 1:267–271,1: 392

“abuse excuse,”2:740,2: 742

admissibility standards,1:271–275,1: 332

current mental state,1:269–270

on eyewitness identification,1:278–279

forms of,1:275–278

future behavior,1: 269

insanity defense,1: 372

past behavior,1:268–269

past mental states,1:267–268

probative value of other evidence,1:270–271

psychological autopsies,2:633,2:638–639

qualification of experts,1:280–282

rape trauma syndrome,2:673–675

sexual harassment cases,2: 740

Expert psychological testimony, admissibility standards,

1:271–275,1: 332

Daubert,1:224,1:267,1:271,1:272,1:273–274

Fryestandards,1:224,1:271–272,1:274,1: 332

General Electric Co. v. Joiner,1:271,1:273,1: 332

Kumho Tire Company v. Carmichael,1:271,1:273–274,

1:332,2: 828

Expert psychological testimony, forms of, 1:275–278

Davis model,1:275–276

general and specific causation,1:277–278

Monahan-Walker model,1:276–277

Expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification,

1:278–279,1: 392

Expert testimony, qualification of experts, 1:280–282,1: 392

Exposure time and eyewitness memory, 1:282–283

Exposure to violence, media violence and behavior,2:482–486

Extreme emotional disturbance, 1:283–285

Exxon oil spill, damages,1: 182

Eyewitness descriptions, accuracy of, 1:285–287

confidence in identifications,1:138–142,1:142–145

facial composites,1:305–306

Eyewitnesses

accuracy of descriptions,1:285–287

children’s testimony,1:77–82,1: 89

Cognitive Interview,1:79,1:95–99

confidence in identifications,1:138–142,1:142–145

conformity in eyewitness reports,1:147–148

in the courtroom,1: 298

elderly eyewitnessses,1:252–254

instructions to the witness,1:366–367,1:376–377

juries and,1:390–392

police as,2:561–563

repeated questioning of,2: 684

repeated recall,2:684–685

training of,2:807–808

weapon focus,2:862–864

See alsoEyewitness identification; Eyewitness memory

Eyewitness evidence,1:402–403

Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement,1: 33

Eyewitness identification

acceptance of in the scientific community,1:292–294

alcohol intoxication, impact on eyewitness memory,1:11–13

appearance-change instructions in lineups,1:33–34,1: 377

clothing bias in,1:94–95

confidence in identifications,1:138–142

confidence malleability,1:142–145

cross-race effect in,1:172–176,1:296,1: 391

disguises and appearance changes and,1:287–290

estimator and system variables in,1:257–258

expert psychological testimony on,1:278–279

face recognition training,2: 807

facial composites,1:305–306

field studies,1:290–291

identification test practices,1:365–368

instructions to the witness,1:376–377

motions to suppress,2:518–521

mug shots,2:521–522

Neil v. Biggerscriteria for evaluating eyewitness

identification,2:523–526

optimality hypothesis,2:530–532

popout effect in,2:600–601

presence of counsel safeguard and,2:613–614

response latency in,2:692–693

showups,1:94,1:131,2:746–747

simultaneous and sequential lineup presentation,2:747–750

social framework concept,1: 277

verbal overshadowing and,1:287,2:830–831

voice recognition,2:851–854

WITNESS model,2:864–866

See alsoEyewitness memory

Eyewitness identification: effect of disguises and

appearance changes, 1:287–290

Eyewitness identification: field studies, 1:290–291

Eyewitness identification: general acceptance in the

scientific community, 1:292–294

Eyewitness memory, 1:294–298

alcohol intoxication, impact on,1:11–13

Cognitive Interview,1:79,1:95–99

conformity in eyewitness reports,1:147–148

disguises and appearance changes and eyewitness

identification,1:287–290

elderly eyewitnesses,1:252–254

evaluating,1:297–298

exposure time and,1:282–283

facial composites,1:305–306

factors affecting,1:295–296

false memories,1:310–313,2:609,2:676,2: 691

forced confabulation,1:324–325

Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales,1:308,1:340–341

hypnosis and,1:360–362

improving,1:296–297

lay beliefs about,1:299–302

laypeople’s intuitions about,1:390–391

lineup fillers,1:366,2:455–457,2: 873

postevent information and,2:607–609

repeated recall,2:684–685

repressed and recovered memories,2:688–691

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