Law. SeeEducation; Legal negotiation; Therapeutic
jurisprudence
Law of double effect,1: 255
Lawrence v. Texas,2: 826
Lawyers
attorney-conducted voir dire,1:417,1: 418
legal negotiation and,2: 450
sensitivity to suggestive lineup procedures,2:519–520
“stealing thunder,”2:764–766
use of religion by during trial,2:682–683
Leakage,1: 388
Learned helplessness,1: 41
Least restrictive alternative principle,1: 92
Legal Attitudes Questionnaire (LAQ),2: 446
Legal authoritarianism, 2:445–447
Legal competence. SeeCompetence; Competency,
foundational and decisional
Legal custody,1:230. See alsoDivorce and child custody
Legal incompetency,2:497. See alsoIncompetent defendants
Legal insanity
criteria for,1:158–159
See alsoGuilty but mentally ill verdict (GBMI); Insanity;
Insanity defense
Legal negotiation, 2:447–450
agents/lawyers,2: 450
alternative dispute resolution,1:15–18,2: 628
crisis and hostage negotiation,1:167–170,2:579,2: 581
emotion and,2: 450
heuristics and biases,2:448–449
influence,2:449–450
plea bargaining,1:123,2:448,2:559–561
social factors,2: 449
victim-offender mediation with juvenile offenders,2:837–839
Legal socialization, 2:450–453
cultural differences,2: 452
measures of,2: 453
research,2:451–453
theoretical approaches,2: 451
Legislation, Americans with Disabilities Act,1:23–26
Lego v. Twomey,2: 846
Leniency bias, 2:453–454
evidence for,2:453–454
implications of,2: 454
Lethal injection (execution by),1: 187
Leventhal, Judge Harold,1: 414
Levine, Felice,2: 451
Liars
defined,1: 199
high-stakes liars,1:216–217
motivation of,1:202,1:209–210
nonverbal behavior of,1: 201
See alsoDetection of deception in adults; Detection of
deception in children
Lie detection tests, “wizards” of deception detection,1:206–207
Likelihood to Sexually Harass Scale (LSH),2: 737
Limited guardians,1: 339
Lind, Allan,2: 626
Lindbergh kidnapping,1:307,2: 852Lineup filler selection, 1:366,2:455–457,2: 873
assessing lineup fairness,2:456–457
strategies for,2:455–456
Lineups,1: 391
administrator bias in,1: 131
all-suspect and multiple-suspect lineups,2:459–460
appearance-change instruction in lineups,1:33–34,1: 377
audiotaping,1: 368
bias in,2:456–457
clothing bias in identification procedures,1:94–95
computer-assisted lineups,1:130–131
conducting,1:367–368
confidence in identifications,1:138–142,1:142–145
construction of,1:130,1: 366
defense lawyers’ sensitivity to suggestive lineup procedures,
2:519–520
disguises and appearance changes and,1:289–290
double-blind lineup administration,1:242–243
evaluating,2:456–457,2: 459
fairness evaluation,2:456–457
identification test practices,1:365–368
instructions to the witness,1:366–367,1:376–377
judge’s sensitivity to suggestive lineup procedures,2: 519
photo lineups,1: 81
policy and procedures,1: 131
presence of counsel for,2:613–614
presentation of,1: 130
preservation of,1: 131
quality of,2:458–459
recording,1: 368
showups,1:94,1:131,2:746–747
simultaneous and sequential lineup presentation,2:747–750
single-blind lineup,1: 242
single-suspect lineups,2: 459
6-packs,1: 130
size and bias,2:457–460
videotaping,1: 368
See alsoEyewitness identification; Eyewitness memory
Lineup size and bias, 2:457–460
all-suspect and multiple-suspect lineups,2:459–460
clothing bias in identification procedures,1:94–95
quality of lineups,2:458–459
Linguistic minority speakers,2: 809
Linz, Daniel,2: 604
Lippel, Katherine,2: 806
“Litigaphobia,”2: 461
Litigation stress, 2:460–461
Litman, Robert,2: 638
Living will,1:255,2: 633
Lockett v. Ohio,1:7,1: 62
Lockhard v. McCree,1: 191
Loeber, Rolf,1: 433
Loftus, E.F.,2: 677
Loftus, Elizabeth,1:295,1:311,2: 608
Logical item selection approach,1: 353
Lopez, Michael,2: 504
Lorge, Irving,1: 128
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