Sufficient mooring poinLs should be inSlalled lO provide a satisfactory spread of moorings for
the rang.e of ship sizes which the benh is to accept. VLCCs are preferably moored by breast
lines and spring lines only. allhough on berths designed lO accept a range of ship sizes, the
mooring points will inevitably be such that smaller ships may need lO use head lines and stern
lines in addition to breast lines.The heights of mooring points should be sucb that vertical angles wilt be as small as practical
and, if po sib1e, shou.ld nOl exceed 30° from the horizonlal.- Breasting dolphins should preferably be positioned al a distance apart of onc third of the
overall length of the ship. At berths accommodating a range of ship sizes the spacing of
breasting dolphins should preferably be located so that they provide a breasting face between
25 0J0 and 40010 of t.he ships overalJ length. - Quick release hooks should be provided with a SWL nOl less than the MBl of Ihe largest rope
anticipated and be supplemented by capstans or winches and fairleads to enable the handling
of large ship's moorings. - Shore based mooring' equipment should be provided to augment sbJpboard equipment when
(he operating conditions at the berth exceed the Design Environmemal Conditions.
1.12.2 Recommendations for Terminal Operators
- Terminal Operators should have a good understanding of mooring principles, of thc design
of the mooring system for lbe berth. of Ibe loads likely to be experienced in the mooring
system under varying conditions of wind and current and to have a clear appreciation of th e
operating limits applyi ng lO Ihe various types of shi:ps and mooring systems which may be used
in the benJl. - They should recognize the problems likely to arise from the use of mixed moorings and be
aware of Ihe need for effective application of winch brakes and good mooring management
while the ship is in the berth. - Ship· to-shore liaison should be established by the Terminal Operator prior to arrival. A joint
agreement is required witb the ship on thl! way in which the ship wilJ actually be; moored. and
on continuing liaison on mooring matters during the time the ship is in the berth; panicular
allention being paid to the procedures to be followed in the event of emergencies.
1.12.3 Recommendations for Ship Designers
- The mooring facilities provided in the ship should be such as to permit the vessel (0 remain
safely moored undeT the Standard Environmental Criteria alongside a berth which is provided
with a sta ndard arrangemenr of mooring points. - Wind an d current forces on the ship should be calculated applying the Standard Environmenral
Criteria and the coefficients de[ermined by OCTMF (reference 3) and by using the methods
described in this book. Thi. calculation will determine the number, size and di sposition of
moorings required on board. - Loads in anyone mooring line should not exceed 551110 of the MBL.
- Mixed moorings. compris ing full length synthet.ic ropes used in conjunction with wires. are
nOI recommended. - Wire ropes should be! he standard moori og equipment for all large ta£Lkers and ;l is
recognised thac wire ropes greater than 44 mm diameter may require special handling arrange-
ments in terminals.