12 Plato,Phaedo,Eva Brann, Peter Kalkavage and Eric Salem, trans. (Newburyport, MA: Focus Classical
Library), 1998. All subsequent citations will be taken from here.
13 Also see Paul Stern,Socratic Rationalism and Political Philosophy: An Interpretation of Plato’s Phaedo
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993), 197–98; and Ann Ward,“The Immortality of the Soul
and the Origin of the Cosmos in Plato’sPhaedo,”inMatter and Form: From Natural Science to Political
Philosophy, Ann Ward, ed. (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009), 26.
14 See Klein, who argues that despite the emphasis on recollection after the forgetting at birth, Socrates
suggests that the soul is capable of and is understood to have engaged in learning in a time prior to rebirth.
Klein,Plato’s Meno, 131.
15 See Socrates’discussion of the Good or idea of the good in theRepublic, in which he indicates that the
Good is the cause of all things and that all things participate in goodness (Republic, 508c–509c).
Bibliography
Allen, R.E. 1959.“Anamnesis in Plato’sMenoandPhaedo.”The Review of Metaphysics13/1: 165–74.
———. 1970.Plato’s Euthyphro and the Earlier Theory of Forms. New York: Humanities Press.
Baracchi, Claudia. 2006.“The‘Inconceivable Happiness’of‘Men and Women’: Visions of Another World
in Plato’sApology of Socrates.”Comparative Literature Studies43/3: 269–84.
Crombie, I.M. 1994.“Socratic Definition.”InPlato’s Meno in Focus. Jane M. Day ed. London: Routledge:
172 – 207.
Klein, Jacob. 1965.A Commentary on Plato’s Meno. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Leibowitz, David. 2010.The Ironic Defense of Socrates: Plato’s Apology. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Moravscik, Julius. 1994.“Learning as Recollection.”InPlato’s Meno in Focus. Jane M. Day ed. London:
Routledge: 112–28.
Nichols, Mary P. 1988.Socrates and the Political Community: An Ancient Debate. Albany: State University
of New York Press.
Plato. 1968.Republic. Allan Bloom trans. New York: Basic Books.
———. 1998.Phaedo. Eva Brann, Peter Kalkavage and Eric Salem trans. Newburyport: Focus Classical
Library.
———. 2002a.Apology of Socrates.InFive Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. G.M.A.
Grube trans. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
———. 2002b.Crito.InFive Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. G.M.A. Grube trans.
Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
———.2002c.Meno.InFive Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. G.M.A. Grube trans.
Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
Saxonhouse, Arlene W. 2006.Free Speech and Democracy in Ancient Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Stern, Paul. 1993.Socratic Rationalism and Political Philosophy: An Interpretation of Plato’s Phaedo.
Albany: State University of New York Press.
Strauss, Leo. 1964.The City and Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
———. 1985.“On Plato’sApology of SocratesandCrito.”InStudies in Platonic Political Philosophy.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 38–66.
Tigner, Steven S. 1970.“On‘Kinship’of‘All Nature’in Plato’sMeno.”Phronesis15/1: 1–4.
Vlastos, Gregory. 1994.“Anamnesisin theMeno.”InPlato’s Meno in Focus. Jane M. Day ed. London:
Routledge: 88–111.
Ward, Ann. 2009.“The Immortality of the Soul and the Origin of the Cosmos in Plato’sPhaedo.”InMatter and
Form: From Natural Science to Political Philosophy. Ann Ward ed. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books: 19–34.
———. 2013.“Divine Speech and the Quest for the Ideas in Plato’sEuthyphro.”InNatural Right and
Political Philosophy: Essays in Honor of Catherine Zuckert and Michael Zuckert. Ann Ward and Lee
Ward eds. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press: 36–49.
Ward, Lee. 2009.“TheRelation between Politics and Philosophy in Plato’sApologyof Socrates.”Inter-
national Philosophical Quarterly49/4: 501–19.
Zuckert, Michael. 1984.“Rationalism and Political Responsibility: Just Speech and Just Deed in theClouds
and theApology of Socrates.”Polity17/2: 271–97.
56 Ann Ward