FERGUSON Christian and Jewish Baptism 217
Barnabas takes 'wood' (£uAov) as meaning the cross without explanation
in 5.13; 8.5; 12.7 and by explicit interpretation in 8.1 and 12.1. Justin
Martyr's collection of Old Testament types of the cross includes the rod of
Moses that brought water from the rock and 'the tree planted by streams of
waters' in Ps. 1.3.^41 It is an important aspect of Barnabas''s baptismal teach-
ing that the wood and the water go together. Psalm 1.3 was particularly
appropriate for Barnabas, because of the association of water with life and
blessings. Psalm 1.4-6 (11.7) then served the author's anti-Judaic purpose
by its words of condemnation on the 'wicked'. The author had the whole
Psalm in mind, not just w. 3-6, for he quotes v. 1 in 10.10 and picks up
the word 'Blessed' from 1.1 in 11.8, and the word 'meditate' inlsa. 33.18
(11.5) and Ps. 1.2 may provide the link between the Isaiah and Psalm
quotations.
The application of the quotation from Ps. 1 in Barn. 11.8 specifically
applies the wood to the cross and water to baptism, but also makes a tran-
sition to applying the tree to the believer. The tree is both the cross and the
believer, who is rooted in baptism and now produces fruit.^42 The author
uses 'hope' in a way other Christians used faith.^43 It is an important word
for him: appearing as a verb for Barnabas's own hope for salvation (1.3)
and hopes for his writing (17.1), in a citation (6.3), for hoping in God
(16.1 [instead of in a building—the temple]; 19.7), and for hoping in
Christ (6.9; 8.5; 12.2, 3; 12.7 [by way of a type]; 16.1; 16.8 [his name])
and specifically Christ's cross (11.8); as a noun with reference to the vain- Justin Martyr, Dial. 86.1,4. He takes 'the righteous' as Christ, who 'by being
crucified on the tree and purifying us with water, has redeemed us' (86.5); cf. Dial. 138
for 'water, faith, and wood' saving us (with reference to Noah and the flood). The Chris-
tian Sib. Or. 8.245-50, also connects the water and the cross; in the New Testament
note Jn 19.34; 1 Jn 5.6. Od. Sol. 38.16-22 alludes to Ps. 1.3-6 in a context apparently
baptismal (38.17 combines the ideas of being established and planted, as in Barn. 11.5-
6). Prigent, Les Testimonial p. 96, affirms that Lundberg, La typologie, p. 182, is cor-
rect that Barnabas depends on baptismal testimonia chosen to express the conceptions
of baptism attested in the Odes of Solomon. - Robert A. Kraft, Barnabas and the Didachejn The Apostolic Fathers (ed.
Robert Grant; New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1965), III, p. 117. Kraft refers to the
comparison of a person to a tree in an unknown source cited in 1 Clem. 23.4 and 2
Clem. 11.3-4. - Kraft, Barnabas and the Didache, p. 30. The fundamental character of hope is
noted by Wengst, Tradition und Theologie, p. 94, e.g., 'weil die Hoffnung geradezu
Grund und Ziel des Glaubens ist'. He notes that faith for Barnabas includes obedi-
ence—p. 93. Prostmeier, Der Barnabasbrief, pp. 425-27, notes the importance of hope
and its relation to faith.