106 | CHAPTER 4
A
eg
ea
n(^) S
ea
Bā
b (^) a
l-M
an
dab
Black Sea
Gulf of
͑Aqaba
M
ed
it
er
ra
ne
an
(^) Se
a
R
ed
(^) S
ea
Danub
e
Nil
e
Tigr
is
Euph
rat
es
First Cataract
Fourth
Cataract
SAHARA
DESERT
Athos
Euboea
Corsica
Sardinia
Sicily
Crete
Rhodes
Malta
Cyprus
Mt Amanus
Mt Lebanon
Mt Cassius
Taur
us^ M
ts
MESOPOTAMIA
SYRIA
I
YE
IBER
GEOR
PHOENICIA
EPIRUS
GREECE
ARMENIA
KURDIS
ASIA MINOR
EGYPT
NUBIA
ETHIOPIA
CAPPADOCIA
SINAI
LYDIA
COMMAGENE
AR
A
F R I C A
H
I
J
Ā
Z
HI
IT
A
LY
PO
NTUS
Mecca
Medina
Myos Hormos
Aleppo
Cyrrhus
Edessa
Aphrodisias
EphesusSardis
Eretria Pergamum
Scepsis
Chalcedon
Prusa (Bursa)Nicaea (Iznik)
Constantinople
(Istanbul)
Bari
Rome
Palermo
Syracuse
Amman
Mushattā
Khirbat al-Ma ar
Bosra
Mari
Raqqa
Resh ͑aina
Palmyra
Jerash
Petra
Damascus
Homs
Alexandretta
Antioch
Athens
Chalcis
Thessalonica
Vergina
Sparta
Alexandria
Oxyrhynchus
Caesarea
Sepphoris
Gaza
Jerusalem
Yavneh
Dura
Europos
Nisibis
Karbalā͗
Pumbedita
Kūfa
Aksum
Adulis
Najrān
Berenike
Coptos
Harrān
Qusayr ͑Amra
Fustāt-Cairo
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