Before and After Muhammad The First Millennium Refocused

228 | INDEX

kalām, 153, 154–56, 158, 160, 163, 210n50,
211
Karaism, 163, 179–80, 205
Khosrow I, Sasanian emperor, 94, 122, 142, 201
Khosrow II, Sasanian emperor, 105, 122
Khurāsān, 160, 162, 192, 203, 217
Kindī, philosopher, 154n124, 157–59, 180, 208,
210n51, 211
Kondakov, N., art historian, 28, 30, 43

late Antiquity: definition of, 10–12, 39, 41–42,
45–46, 48, 49–50, 83–84, 162, 166; emer-
gence of the term, 24, 26–27, 41
Latin world, 6n14, 12, 20, 21, 38, 75, 85–87,
89–90, 97, 99, 100–1, 113, 139–40, 145,
166–72, 181, 212–18, 222; see also
Carolingians
Laws of Constantine, Theodosius and Leo,
169–70
Lebanon, 93–94
Le Coq, A. von, archaeologist, 39
Liebeschuetz, W., historian, 45–46, 47, 51
Lietzmann, H., historian, 39–40
logic in philosophical/theological debate, 129,
133, 136–38, 140, 142, 143–44, 148, 155–
56, 158, 159–60, 177, 208–10, 211

Maccabees, 75, 79
Mahdī, caliph, 156
Maimonides, philosopher, 181, 187n111
Mālik ibn Anas, legal scholar, 193
Malik- Shāh, Seljuk king, 94
Maʾmūn, caliph, 126, 149, 153, 156–57, 194,
208
Mani, Manicheism, 54, 116, 125, 188–89, 200
Marcion, theologian, 188
Mārib dam, 118, 121
Marrou, H.- I., historian, 40, 41n94
martyrdom, in Christianity, 184
Marw, 126, 150
Masʿūdī, historian, 114, 126, 151–52
matter, creation/eternity of, 135, 211
maturation: as concept in historical analysis,
55
Maurice, Roman emperor, 103
Maximus the Confessor, theologian, 138, 149
Mazdaism, 54, 76, 110, 142, 189, 200, 202–3
Mazzarino, S., historian, 40
McCormick, M., historian, 88–90
Mecca, 115, 117, 118
medicine: teaching of, 148–50, 165n3

Medina, 115, 118

Mediterranean Sea, Mediterraneanism, 30–32,

35, 38–39, 86, 92–97, 98–100, 102, 116,

119

Melito, bishop of Sardis, 70

Menas, praetorian prefect, 139

miaphysitism, 98, 112–13, 140

Michael the Syrian, historian, 75

Middle Ages, applicability to Islam and Asia, 12,

215

Middleton, C., poisonous Cambridge divine, 22

Millar, F., historian, 19, 83n99

Mishnah, 174

Mithra(s), Mithraism, 24, 94, 116, 200

Momigliano, A., historian, 19, 75n64, 84

Mongols, 215

Monneret de Villard, U., art historian, 43n103

monotheletism, 186

Moses, prophet, 176

Mountain Arena, 103–4, 105, 117–26

Muʿāwiya, caliph, 77, 125

Mughal Empire, 1, 9

Muhammad: in Muslim biographical tradition,

76–77, 81

Mushattā, Umayyad palace, 25, 35

Muslim, traditionist, 192, 194

mutakallimūn, 154, 211

Muʿtazilism, 3, 155–58, 163, 180, 181n82, 191,

205, 222

Najrān, 76, 118, 121

Nestorianism, 140, 186. See also Church of the

East

Neuwirth, A., Arabist, 47–48, 219. See also Cor-

pus Coranicum Project

Nicaea: First Council of, 137–38, 178, 185; Sec-

ond Council of, 186, 188

Nisibis, 79, 117, 140, 150, 177, 179, 186

Ockley, S., Arabist, 7

Origen, theologian, 70, 73, 136, 183–87

Origenism, 145, 156, 185

ornament: history of, 33–36, 40

Orosius, historian, 75, 76n70

Ottoman Empire, 1, 9, 34, 53, 115–16, 119, 123

Oxus, 104n49

Palmyra, 120

Papinian, jurist, 167

Paschal chronicle, 75

Paul, jurist, 167