194 NOTES TO PAGES 30-3 I
- See Richard B. Mather, "Chinese and Indian Perceptions of Each Other be-
tween the First and Seventh Centuries," fournal of the American Oriental
Society 112, no. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1992), pp. 1-8. - Samuel Beal, Travels of Fah-Hian and Sung-Yun: Buddhist Pilgri,ms from
China to India (400 A.D. and 518 A.D} (New Delhi: Asian Educadonal Ser-
vices, 1996), p. 155. - Andre Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Inda-Muslim World, vol. 1 !Delhi:
Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 5. - This construction of the "Hindu" is usually credited to the British colonial
period, but some arguments have pointed toward Muslim rule in India as
well. See David Lorenzen, "Who Invented Hinduism?" Comparative Studies
in Society and History 41, no. 4 (Oct. 1999), pp. 630-659 for a good discus-
sion of the historical as well as historiographical issues involved. Also, see
Arvind Sharma, "On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva," Numen
49, no. r (2002), pp. 1-36. - In classical Arabic, there were two clear usages of al-Hind and related words
based on the h-n-d stem: miihind, miihindiih, hindi, hindiivani. The first is of
Hind as a proper, feminine name for prominent women. The most known ex-
ample is Hind hint 'Utbah, the wife of Abu Sufyan, mother of Mu'awiya (602-
680), who was the founder of the Umayyad dynasty. Another famous promi-
nent woman in early sources, is Queen Hind al Hunud (Hind of the Hinds),
who founded the fifth-century central Arabian kingdom of Kindah. See Nabia
Abbott, "Pre-Islamic Arab Queens," The American fournal of Semitic Lan-
guages and Literatures 58, no. 1 (Jan. 1941), pp. 1-22. The second dominant
usage comes with products labeled as being "from al-Hind." They were mostly
swords [saif al-hindi, saif hindvani), but they also included metal, camphor,
sandalwood !'ud Hind), musk, zanjabil, silk, and various spices. However, that
the products are termed "from al-Hind" provides no guarantee that they can
be shown to correspond as originating from the subcontinent. Merchandise
that could have origins elsewhere-silk !China), camphor (Malay), metal !Ak-
sumite Ethiopia) are all tagged as "Hindi." See Nada 'Abd al-Rahman Yusuf
al-Shayi', Mu'jam Alfii? al-J:;iayiih al-Ijtimii'Iyah fi Dawiiwin Shu'arii' al-
Mu'allaqiit al-'Ashr !Beirut: Maktab Lebanon, 1991), pp. 313-314. - There exist raging debates on the identity of the mythic river Sarasvati (and
whether or not it was the Indus) among the Hindutva supporters wishing a
particularly Indo-Aryan root to the Indus civilization. To get a sense of the
etymological debate, see Michael Witzel, "Substrate Languages in Old Indo-
Aryan [Rgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)," Electronic fournal of Vedic Studies
5, no. 1 !Aug. 1999), pp. 1-67. On the historiographical and political debates,
see the laudable Irfan Habib, "Imaging River Sarasvati: A Defence of Com-
monsense," Social Scientist 29, no. 1/2, (Jan.-Feb. 2001), pp. 46-74. - A. H. Sayce. Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated
by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians !Edinburgh: Williams and Nor-
gate, 1888), p. 138. - See W. Muss-Arnolt, "On Semitic Words in Greek and Latin," Transactions
of the American Philological Associations {1869-1896) 23 (1892).