The Impact of the Crusades 123
laymen who accompanied a certain Bishop Lucus to his diocese in Morocco and
remained there, he extended all the same crusader privileges, including those con-
cerned with usury and Jewish money-lending, as were in place for going to the
Holy Land.115 He also reminded his legate, the bishop of tusculum, of the rulings
of his predecessors concerning Jewish money-lending to crusaders,116 ordered the
dominicans of paris to urge Christians to come to the aid of Louis IX and his army
in the Near East who were in desperate need of re-enforcements, and reaffirmed
their crusader privileges.117
papal preoccupation with the propagation, recruitment, and smooth-running
of the crusades continued throughout the second half of the thirteenth century. In
response to the precarious situation of the Latin kingdoms and principalities in
Syria and palestine, in 1263 Urban Iv sent ‘Cum praedicationem crucis’ to the
former bishop of regensburg, empowering him to recruit volunteers for a cru-
sading army wherever german was spoken.118 Likewise, papal preoccupation with
usury remained paramount—in the same year Urban reminded the dominicans
and Franciscans whom he had appointed to oversee the preaching of his new
crusade of the stipulations of Ad liberandam, Constitution 71 of Lateran Iv con-
cerned specifically with Jewish money-lending.119 Subsequently, in 1274 gregory
X issued ‘Si mentes fidelium’—an urgent call for volunteers for a crusading army
recently established by the Second Council of Lyons (1274) and insisted that
Jews be compelled by the secular authorities to remit interest they had already
collected.120 In short, throughout the thirteenth century the papacy remained
committed on the one hand to protection of the Jews from crusader violence and
on the other to ensuring that no-one was deterred from setting out on crusade by
debts owed to Jews.
tHE pApACY, CrUSAdINg, ANd JEwISH
COMMUNItIES IN SpAIN
In the second half of the eleventh century warfare against the Muslim Almoravids in
the Spanish peninsula became linked to the re-conquest of the Holy Land, and the
Reconquista began to be viewed as a religiously justified war of defence and liber-
ation. In particular from about 1080–1140 French crusaders who had travelled to
Spain to aid Christian kings in conquering their Islamic neighbours, turned this
115 Innocent Iv, ‘Cum laicorum obsequiis’, Grayzel, Vol. 1, p.262; Simonsohn, p.189.
116 Innocent Iv, ‘pravorum molestiis eum’, Grayzel, Vol. 1, p.280; Simonsohn, pp.199–200. By
contrast although Clement Iv and gregory X called for the Eighth Crusade led by Louis IX and
prince Edward of England with the aim of taking tunis, they despatched no letters concerned specif-
ically with usury, Jews, and crusading.
117 Innocent Iv, ‘planxit hactenus non’, Grayzel, Vol. 1, p.290; Simonsohn, p.206.
118 Urban Iv, ‘Cum praedicationem crucis’ (20 February 1263), Grayzel, Vol. 2, pp.77–8; Simonsohn,
pp.220–1.
119 Urban Iv, ‘Cum negotium crucis’ (23 October 1263), Grayzel, Vol. 2, pp.79–80; Simonsohn,
pp.222–3.
120 gregory X, ‘Si mentes fidelium’ (17 September 1274), Grayzel, Vol. 2, pp.126–7; Simonsohn,
pp.246–7.