Science - USA (2019-01-04)

to that observed in the evolution of herbivorous
dinosaurs in the Mesozoic and mammalian line-
ages in the mid-late Paleogene ( 26 ). All suggest
that in the Late Triassic, there was a substantial
temporal overlap in the occurrence of very large
herbivores: the previously dominant dicynodonts
and their emerging ecological analogs among
archosaurs, the sauropodomorph dinosaurs.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

WethankJ.Dzik(InstituteofPaleobiology,PAS)forproposing

this research and support, M. Dec (Institute of Paleobiology,

PAS) for help with preparation of dicynodont shoulder girdle

virtual model, P. E. Ahlberg (Uppsala University) for discussion,

D. Snitting (Uppsala University) for help with phylogenetic

and computed tomography data, N. Campione (University

of New England) for his help with body mass estimate, and

K. Zaremba-Niedźwiedzka (Uppsala University) for help during

preparation of the manuscript. We are very thankful to

anonymous reviewers whose comments radically improved

the final version of the paper.Funding:The study was supported

by Polish grant (2012/07/B/NZ8/02707) and Swedish

Vetenskapsrådet grant (2017-05248).Author contributions:

T.S. designed the study. T.S. and G.N. performed the

comparative and analytical work, participated in morphological

studies, and wrote the paper.Competing interests:The authors

declare no competing interests.Data and materials

availability:All described specimens are accessioned at the

Institute of Paleobiology, PAS (Poland).

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/363/6422/78/suppl/DC1

Materials and Methods

Supplementary Text

Figs. S1 to S16

Tables S1 to S7

References ( 28 – 74 )

Movies S1 to S4

28 November 2016; resubmitted 4 August 2018

Accepted 19 October 2018

Published online 22 November 2018

10.1126/science.aal4853

Sulejet al.,Science 363 ,78–80 (2019) 4 January 2019 3of3

Fig. 3. Phylogeny of
kannemeyeriiform
dicynodonts and its
relationship with the
changes in femur
length of dicynodonts
and sauropodomorphs.
(A)Time-calibrated
phylogeny of the Triassic
dicynodonts simplified
after ( 22 ) (numerical ages
for the base and top of
Norian are based on the
Chronostratigraphic Chart
of the ICS v. 2018/8)
with position ofL. bojani.
(B)Femurlength
(body size proxy) of
sauropodomorph (black
squares) and dicynodont
(gray circles) taxa from the
Middle to Late Triassic
plotted at the stratigraphic
range midpoints for each
taxon. (C) Comparison
of dicynodont femur bones
(1, 2, ZPAL V.33/763,
Lisowicia; 3, UCMP 32394,
Placerias; 4, MCZ 378
58M,Ischigualastia;
5, MCN PV 3600,
Dinodontosaurus;6,GPIT/
RE/8002,Stahleckeria).

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