National Geographic History - 03.2019 - 04.2019

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY 59 In otherways, however, Copernicus did not break new ground. Solar centrality was not a new idea, ...

ublished in 1543, Copernicus’s life’s work preserves a key tenet of medieval cosmol- ogy: The universe is formed of spheres, eac ...

THE COPERNICAN MODEL DEPICTED IN HARMONIA MACROCOSMICA, A STAR ATLAS BY ANDREAS CELLARIUS, 1660 LEFT TO RIGHT: G. DUPRAT/CIEL ET ...

STEFANO RUSSOMANNO Not only did Napoleon Bonaparte leave his mark all over the map of Europe, his presence is palpable in the wo ...

INSPIRED AND ENRAGED Now on display at the Beethoven-Haus, Bonn, Germany, Joseph Karl Stieler’s 1819- 1820 portrait depicts the ...

bringing him acclaim all over Europe as a triumph over the old ways. Beethoven’s innovative compositions took music to new heigh ...

BONN’S MOST FAMOUS SON The Münsterplatz in Bonn, Germany, is the site for the city’s monument to Beethoven. Bonn’s new universit ...

world something to talk about.” Beethoven had hoped to study with Mozart, but his trip was cut short when Beethoven’s mother fel ...

ON A PEDESTAL In 1805 Napoleon defeated Austria at Austerlitz. Inspired by Trajan’s Column in Rome, he ordered this column to be ...

68 MARCH/APRIL 2019 The impact of the French Revolution on the German people was deep and inspirational. Ger- man nationalist hi ...

CLASSIC COMPOSITION This 1804 portrait of Beethoven by J. W. Mähler depicts the composer holding a lyre, symbol of the god Apoll ...

Then, in spring 1804, as he was finishing the symphony, news came to Vienna that Napo- leon had declared himself emperor of Fran ...

THEATER LIFE The Theater an der Wien in Vienna was the scene of the premiere of several of Beethoven’s works, including that of ...

great orchestras. Most musicologists agree it marks a major turningpoint. According to the British music writer Tom Service, it ...

MUSICAL NATURE Fleeing the stress of Vienna and the turmoil of the Napoleonic Wars, Beethoven regularly visited the nearby spa t ...

VIENNA UNDER FIRE By 1809 Napoleon dominated much of Europe and showed no signs of abating. He had neutralized Russia, subdued m ...

upheavals around me! Nothing but drums, cannons, human misery of every kind,” he wrote of the difficult months of occupation. Ev ...

As tensions over Cuba soared between America and Spain in the 1890s, so too did U.S. newspaper sales, fed by sensationalist repo ...

GIANT HEADLINES TRUMPET THE U.S. DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST SPAIN ON THE FRONT PAGE OF WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST’S NEW YORK JOURNA ...

THE 18TH-CENTURY FORTRESS OF SAN CARLOS DE LA CABAÑA, DEPICTED HERE IN A COLORIZED POSTCARD FROM 1900, WAS BUILT BY THE SPANISH ...