National Geographic History - 07.2019 - 07.2019

Intense relationships between an adult male teacher and an adolescent pupil could often de- velop. At times such relationships c ...

HOMER, TEACHER OF THE GREEKS AN EPIC TASK Greek schoolchildren were required to memorize sections of the Iliad and the Odyssey. ...

poet Sappho, active on the island of Lesbos in the seventh to sixth centuries B.C., composed about 10,000 lines, 600 of which ha ...

H. LEWANDOWSKI/RMN-GRAND PALAIS DEPRIVED OF A VOICE WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS Despite the informal nature of education for girls, there ...

FEMALE PURSUITS Despite a lack of access to formal education, some women pursued many of the same intellectual and physical acti ...

3. AT SCHOOL A woman on this fifth- century B.C. kylix leads a seemingly reluctant female student by the hand. The latter is car ...

TRIUMPHS OF CAESAR Rome celebrated Julius Caesar with an unprecedented four triumphs, the highest honor a victorious general cou ...

RIDING HIGH Receiving his laurel crown, Julius Caesar passes through Rome in his triumphal chariot in this 15th- century paintin ...

46 JULY/AUGUST 2019 Caesar’s triumphs were exceptional not only for their immense expense and grand scale, but also for the fact ...

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY 47 the festivities would last for an entire day. The parade followed a sacred route through the city ...

48 JULY/AUGUST 2019 The sense of honor was overwhelming: In a city that viewed monarchs with distrust, the general would be allo ...

Raising the Bar Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, better known as Pompey the Great, had taken the triumph tradi- tion to new heights, exce ...

50 JULY/AUGUST 2019 Caesar was victorious, defeating Pompey’s forces at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 B.C. Pompey the Great fled ...

Caesar’s inclusion of it inflamed tensions in Rome, which was recovering from civil war and the loss of Pompey, whom many still ...

EGYPT COMES TO ROME In 46 B.C, Julius Caesar celebrated his Egyptian triumph after he and Queen Cleopatra defeated her siblings ...

4 2 3 ...

54 JULY/AUGUST 2019 feelings about the battles involving Pompey and his allies. Caesar was mindful of this, especially during th ...

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY 55 sister Arsinoë was bound in chains. Her de- meanor aroused the crowd’s sympathy. Sensi- tive to t ...

CAESAR’S GALLIC TRIUMPH Below are eight of the nine 15th-century panels painted by Andrea Mantegna, Prizes, including statues, w ...

re-creating Caesar’s first triumph of 46 B.C. A man carries a large vessel full of treasure. A bull is paraded behind, already d ...