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GERMANY AND ITALY EXPAND 29

GERMANYAM

GERMANY

GERMANY E

GERM

GERMAN

GEREMAN

GERMAN

GERMANM

GERMANM

GERMA

GERMANYYA

GERMA

GERMANR

GERMANY

GERMANY DAGERMANY D

GERMA GERM

GERMA

GERMANY DI

GERMAN

GERREME

GEERMGERM

GERMAN

GEERMAGNYNY

GERMAGNYN

GERMAM

GEREMA

GERMANY

GEREM

GERMA

GERMANY

GERMAN

GERMAN

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GERMANY

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GERMAEN

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ANY R

GEREM

GEERM

GERMANY

TRIPOLITANIA

ALBANIA

Malta

Corsica

Sardinia

Balearic

Islands

Sicily

SWEDEN

CYRENAICA

KUFRA

SAUDI

ARABIA

Adriatic Sea

SWITZERLAND

Dodecanese

Islands

Crete

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ITALY

YUGOSLAVIA

AUSTRIA

ANGLO-EGYPTIAN

SUDAN

ALGERIA

TUNISIA

AOUZOU STRIP

KENYA

EGYPT

Nile

BELGIUM

LUXEMBOURG

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HUNGARY

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Baltic Sea EAST

PRUSSIA

DENMARK

LATVIA

ITALIAN SOMALILAND

North

Sea

PORTUGALSPAIN

BRITISH

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ETHIOPIA

FRENCH

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HITLER FACES EAST 1939
In 1939 Adolf Hitler turned his attention eastward to
former German cities on the Baltic coast. The future
of the port of Memel had remained undecided after
World War I, but the city was eventually occupied
by Lithuania in 1924. In March 1939 Hitler forced
Lithuania to cede the port back to Germany. To its
west, the Free City of Danzig, administered by the
League of Nations, had elected a Nazi senate in 1933.
On September 1, 1939, its Nazi leader Albert Forster
proclaimed its union with Germany.
6
1910 1920 1930 1940
2
3
4
5
6
1
TIMELINE
EXPANSION IN EUROPE AND BEYOND
The ineffectiveness of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and the
weaknesses of the League of Nations (see pp.16–17) allowed the
Fascist dictatorships in Italy and Germany to expand their territories
abroad. Italy enlarged its empire in Africa and the Balkans, while
Germany absorbed Austria and western Czechoslovakia.
Sudetenland, acquired
by Germany 1938
Territory acquired
by Germany, 1939
Newly created
Slovakia, 1939
Territory acquired
by Hungary, 1938–39
Cities acquired by Germany
MUNICH AGREEMENT 1938–1939
After absorbing Austria, Hitler turned his attentions
to Czechoslovakia via the Sudetenland, its German-
speaking border region. His plan to use force to
crush the Czech state was thwarted by a four-power
meeting in Munich in September 1938 (with Italy,
France, and Britain), which forced the Czechs to cede
the border regions to Germany, with other lands going
to Poland and Hungary. The following March, German
troops occupied the Czech lands, turning the eastern
province of Slovakia into a Nazi client state.
5
Austria, acquired by Germany 1938
ANSCHLUSS MARCH 1938
After the fall of the Hapsburg Empire in 1918, most
of the German-speaking population in Austria wanted
to unite with the German republic, but the Treaty of
Versailles forbade Anschluss (or union) with Germany.
In 1934 the Austrian Nazi Party murdered Austrian
chancellor Dollfuss in an attempt to seize power; later
they continued to press for Anschluss. In March 1938
Hitler forced the resignation of the Austrian chancellor
Schuschnigg; he was replaced by an Austrian Nazi
who invited German troops to occupy the country.
4
1935 Italian
forces invade
Ethiopia.
1929 Mussolini
reaches an
agreement with
the Papacy to end
the church–state
conflict that had
endured since 1870.
1938 German troops
occupy the Sudetenland
border region.
1939 Danzig
proclaims its union
with Germany.
1939 Independent
Slovak Republic is set
up on March 14.
1938 Slovak
territory granted
to Hungary.
1919–21 Italy
temporarily controls
Southern Anatolia.
1938 Poland acquires
Teschen and other
Czech towns after
the Munich agreement.
1924 Yugoslavia
recognizes Italy’s
claim to Fiume. 1939 Long dependent on Italy,
Albania is finally occupied by
Italian troops; its king, Zog I,
is driven into exile.
1936–39 Italy
briefly occupies
the Balearic Islands.
1922–34 Senussi
rebels in Libya fight
Italian control.
1929 Italian governor of
Cyrenaica, Bodoglio, sends
those who resist his rule
to concentration camps.
1935 France cedes the Aouzou Strip
in northern Chad to Italian Libya in
the hope of ending other territorial
claims by Mussolini.
1925 Britain cedes
predominantly Somali
Jubaland to Italy.
1923 Italian
forces occupy
Corfu.
US_028-029_Germany_Italy_expand.indd 29 22/03/19 2:38 PM