154156158160162164166168170172174176178180184186190194196198200202204206208210214216218220224226228230232234236238242244248250252254256258260262THE UNION
TIGHTENS
ITS GRIP
1863
Introduction
Timeline
The Emancipation Proclamation
Northern morale falters. Lincoln acts. Freeing
slaves becomes Federal war aim. Lincoln signs
the Emancipation Proclamation.
African-Americans in the War
Government lacks coherent policy on slaves
and escaped slaves. Contraband camps. Wage
slavery under Unionists. Black Confederates.
■^ JOURNEY TO FREEDOM
■^ HARRIET TUBMAN
The Role of Black Troops
United States Colored Troops (U.S.C.T.).
Captured black Union soldiers sold as slaves.
Official discrimination. Battle of Milliken’s Bend.
■^ ASSAULT ON FORT WAGNER
Immigrants in the Ranks
25 percent of Union soldiers born overseas.
Irish and German immigrants on the Union side.
Ethnic regiments—courage and disillusionment.
The Battle of Chancellorsville
Hooker’s plan to outflank Lee in Virginia.
Jackson attacks at Hazel Grove but is wounded.
Lee’s tactical victory. Union failure and retreat.
(^) ■ THE DEATH OF JACKSON
Lee Advances North
Stuart’s cavalry surprised. Confederates take
Union garrison at Winchester. Hooker resigns.
Confederates occupy south central Pennsylvania.
The Battle of Gettysburg
July 1—Buford takes a stand. Death of Reynolds.
North regroups at Cemetery Hill. July 2—South
attacks. North holds Little Round Top. July 3—
Lee attacks Union center. Artillery barrage.
Pickett’s Charge fails. Confederates withdraw.
■^ LITTLE ROUND TOP
■^ JAMES LONGSTREET
The Vicksburg Campaign
Porter’s gunboats. Jackson ablaze. Union
victories at Champion’s Hill, Big Black River.
Siege of Vicksburg. Union victorious.
■^ SURRENDER AT VICKSBURG
■^ ULYSSES S. GRANT
The Home Front
North prospers. South beset by inflation.
Volunteer aid societies form on both sides.
War-weary People
Conscription resented on both sides. Richmond
bread riot. Deserters and “bounty-jumpers.”
Anti-war, or “Copperhead,” Democrats.
■^ RIOTS IN NEW YORK
Medicine and Medical Services
Unprecedented casualties. Disease kills twice as
many as injuries in battle. Primitive medical care.
Volunteer nurses. Federal Ambulance Corps.
■^ MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
■^ CLARA BARTON
The Chickamauga Campaign
Burnside takes Knoxville. Chattanooga falls.
First day inconclusive. Second day, Longstreet
attacks, Union retreats to Chattanooga.
The Chattanooga Campaign
Rosecrans besieged. Grant comes to his rescue.
Thomas takes command. Battle of Lookout
Mountain. Union takes Missionary Ridge.
■^ GEORGE H. THOMAS
The Railroad in War
Trains move troops across vast United States.
Railroad and Telegraph Act passed. Rail-
mounted mortars. South loses key railheads.
Communications
Telegraph allows communication with the front.
Federal and Confederate telegraph services.
U.S. Miliary Telegraph Service founded. Signal
systems: flags, lamps. Role of Signal Corps.
Guerrillas and Partisans
Southern irregulars attack occupying Union
troops. Bloody Missouri. Attack on Lawrence,
Kansas. The Lieber Code. Mosby’s Rangers.
Operations in the Indian Territory
and Texas
Union victories at Pea Ridge and Honey Springs.
The Battle of Sabine Pass. Confederates win
Second Battle of Galveston.
■^ THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
GRANT,
SHERMAN, AND
TOTAL WAR
1864
Introduction
Timeline
Lincoln Prevails
Lincoln appoints Grant general-in-chief of all
Union armies. Election of 1864. National Union
Party. Lincoln wins by overwhelming majority.
The Wilderness Campaign
Lee and Grant duel for control. Terrible scenes
at the Wilderness. Grant heads to Spotsylvania
Court House. Confederates build earthworks.
The “Bloody Angle.” Grant heads for Richmond.
■^ IN THE TRENCHES AT
SPOTSYLVANIA
Photography in the War
Portraiture and battle photography. Ambrotypes
and tintypes. Portable darkrooms. The work of
Mathew Brady and Alexander Gardner.
Maneuvering toward Richmond
Sheridan rides on Richmond. Stuart receives
fatal wound. Lee and Grant on the banks of the
North Anna River. Lee divides the Union army.
■^ JEB STUART
■^ PISTOLS
Rebel Victories
Confederates pen in Butler on the Bermuda
Hundred peninsula. First Battle of Petersburg.
Battle of New Market. Confederate victory.
Prisoners of War
In the early years of the war most prisoners
paroled. By 1864, prison camps set up. Terrible
conditions. Starvation and exposure. Of a total
of 400,000 prisoners, 56,000 die in captivity.
■^ ANDERSONVILLE PRISON CAMP
The Battle of Cold Harbor
Lee’s fieldworks at Cold Harbor. Union attackers
slaughtered by Confederate guns. Four days
later Grant abandons attacks.
Grant Advances to Petersburg
The Union Army leaves Cold Harbor by night,
heading for Confederate supply lines at
Petersburg. Pontoon bridge crossing the James.
Beauregard holds Petersburg until Lee arrives.
UNION GENERALS ASSAULT ON FORT WAGNER