Richard A. Clarke and Rob Knake
188 μ¢¤³£ ¬μμ¬
training sessions on how to develop Chinese-style Internet surveil-
lance systems with counterparts in 36 countries. In 18 countries,
China has helped build such networks.USING DIGITAL TRADE AS A LEVER
How can the United States and its allies limit the damage that au-
thoritarian regimes can cause to the Internet and also prevent those
regimes from using the Internet’s power to crush dissent? Some have
suggested tasking the World Trade Organization or the £ with the
establishment o clear rules to allow for the free Çow o information
and data. But any such plan would be dead on arrival, since in order
to gain approval, it would have to win support from some o the very
countries whose malicious activity it would target. Only by creating a
bloc o countries within which data can Çow—and denying access to
noncompliant states—can Western countries gain any leverage to
change the behavior o the Internet’s bad actors.
Europe’s Schengen area oers a real-life model, in which people and
goods travel freely without going through customs and immigration
controls. Once a person enters the zone through one country’s border-
security apparatus, he or she can access any other country without go-
ing through another customs or immigration check. (Some exceptions
exist, and a number o countries introduced limited border checks in
the wake o the 2015 migrant crisis.) The agreement that created the
zone became part o ¤ law in 1999; the non-¤ states o Iceland,
Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland eventually joined, as well. The
agreement left out Ireland and the United Kingdom at their request.
Joining the Schengen area comes with three requirements that can
serve as a model for a digital accord. First, member states must issue
uniform visas and demonstrate strong security on their external bor-
ders. Second, they must show that they have the capacity to coordi-
nate with law enforcement in other member countries. And third,
they must use a common system for tracking entries and exits into the
area. The agreement sets rules governing cross-border surveillance
and the conditions under which authorities may chase suspects in “hot
pursuit” across borders. It also allows for the speedy extradition o
criminal suspects between member states.
The agreement creates clear incentives for cooperation and
openness. Any European country that wants its citizens to have the
right to travel, work, or live anywhere in the ¤ must bring its border