Identity A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions) (1)

which can be in conflict with each other. The instrumental function of
communication stands for inclusion, the symbolic function of identity
manifestation, for exclusion. Language serves identity manifestation with regard
to nation, region, social class, ethnicity (race), gender, and age. The respective
linguistic differences can be highlighted or downplayed. Yet, on the level of
individual expression in both speech and writing, language has biometric
qualities allowing for highly reliable speaker identification.