Barbara_E._Mundy]_The_Death_of_Aztec_Tenochtitlan

no Tes T o Pages 38–58 • 215

tzincatl” (Toltec artisans from Huexotzinco)
for the construction, Valle, Ordenanza del señor
Cuauhtémoc, 154, 155.

37. Ross Hassig, Aztec Warfare: Imperial
    Expansion and Political Control, 58–60, calculates
    that Tenochtitlan, at the height of its population,
    could have fielded an offensive army of at most
    about 43,000 men.


38. Motolinia [Motolinía], or Toribio de
    Benavente, Historia de los indios de la Nueva
    España, ed. Edmundo O’Gorman, 147.


39. Juan de Torquemada, Monarquía indiana,
    vol. 1, bk. 2, 158.


40. Carballal Staedtler and Flores
    Hernández, “El Peñón de los Baños.” See
    also Robert Barlow, “El plano mas antiguo de
    Tlatelolco.”


41. In Carballal Staedtler and Flores
    Hernández, “El Peñón de los Baños,” 259, the
    authors suggest that the northern part of the
    dike existed as a “wall of stone” running from
    El Coyoco to El Peñón de los Baños before 1428.


42. Torquemada, Monarquía indiana, vol. 1,
    bk. 2, 158.


43. Eloise Quiñones Keber, Codex Telleriano-
    Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in a
    Pictorial Aztec Manuscript, fol. 32v.


44. Carballal Staedtler and Flores
    Hernández, “El Peñón de los Baños,” especially
    148–151; see also González Aparicio, Plano
    reconstructivo, 34–35.


45. González Aparicio, Plano reconstructivo, 34.


46. Carballal Staedtler and Flores
    Hernández, “El Peñón de los Baños,” 259–261.


47. Margarita Carballal Staedtler and María
    Flores Hernández, “Las calzadas prehispánicas
    de la isla de México”; Torquemada, Monarquía
    indiana, vol. 1, bk. 2, 158. See also Carballal
    Staedtler and Flores Hernández, “Hydraulic
    Features of the Mexico-Texcoco Lakes,” 164–167.


48. Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico,
    Tierras 917, exp. 1, fol. 23, Mapoteca 0881.


49. Carballal Staedtler and Flores Hernán-
    dez, “El Peñón de los Baños,” 145; Carballal
    Staedtler and Flores Hernández, “Hydraulic
    Features of the Mexico-Texcoco Lakes,” 167.


50. Gibson, The Aztecs under Spanish
    Rule, 225.


51. Sigvald Linné, El Valle y la Ciudad de
    México en 1550: Relación histórica fundada sobre
    un mapa geográfico, que se conserva en la biblioteca
    de la Universidad de Uppsala, Suecia; Miguel
    León Portilla and Carmen Aguilera, Mapa de
    México Tenochtitlan y sus contornos hacia 1550.


52. Manuel Toussaint, Federico Gómez de
    Orozco, and Justino Fernández, Planos de la
    Ciudad de México; Linné, El Valle y la Ciudad
    de México.


53. Diana Magaloni Kerpel, “Painters of
    the New World: The Process of Making the

Florentine Codex”; Diana Magaloni Kerpel,

“The Traces of the Creative Process: Pictorial

Materials and Techniques in the Beinecke Map.”

54. Henry B. Nicholson quoting don Juan
    Bautista de Pomar in “Religion in Pre-Hispanic
    Central Mexico,” 408.


55. Nicholson, “Religion in Pre-Hispanic
    Central Mexico.” The term “vertical stratification”
    is from table 2, between pp. 408 and 409.


56. Richard F. Townsend, “The Renewal
    of Nature at the Temple of Tlaloc”; Anthony
    F. Aveni, “Mapping the Ritual Landscape:
    Debt Payment to Tlaloc during the Month of
    Atlcahualo.”


57. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 1, ch. 4, 2.


58. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 11, ch. 12,
    2 47.


59. Henry B. Nicholson and Eloise Quiñones
    Keber, Art of Aztec Mexico: Treasures of
    Tenochtitlan, 72.


60. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 1, ch. 11,
    6–7.


61. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 11, ch. 12,
    paras. 1–3, 247–251.


62. Édouard de Jonghe, “Histoyre du
    Mechique: Manuscrit français inédit du XVIe
    siècle” (my translation), 29; see also Angel María
    Garibay K., Teogonía e historia de los mexicanos:
    Tres opúsculos del siglo XVI, 69–120.


63. Alfonso Caso, El teocalli de la guerra
    sagrada: Descripción y estudio del monolito encon-
    trado en los cimientos del Palacio nacional, 62.


64. Emily Umberger, “Montezuma’s
    Throne,” 33.


65. William Landon Barnes, “Icons of
    Empire: The Art and History of Aztec Royal
    Presentation,” 363.


66. Caso, El teocalli de la guerra sagrada, 5 7.


67. Mary Ellen Miller, “A Re-examination of
    the Mesoamerican Chacmool.”


68. Caso, El teocalli de la guerra sagrada, 60.


69. Jonghe, “Histoyre du Mechique,” 29.


70. Edward S. Casey, Getting Back into
    Place: Towards a Renewed Understanding of the
    Place-World.


71. García Icazbalceta, “Historia de los
    Mexicanos,” 3:248.


72. Leonardo López Luján, The Offerings of
    the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan, trans. Bernard
    R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de
    Montellano.


73. Chimalpahin, Codex Chimalpahin, 1:101.


74. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 2, app., 178.


75. María Elena Bernal-García, “The Dance
    of Time, the Procession of Space at Mexico-
    Tenochtitlan’s Desert Garden,” 73–74.


76. López Luján, The Offerings of the Templo
    Mayor, 82–83, suggests that the main temple
    could have been constructed on top of the
    original springs.
    77. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 2, app., 178.
    78. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 11, ch. 12,
    250.

chaPTeR 3

1. Louis Marin, Portrait of the King, trans.
   Tom Conley.


2. Molina, Vocabulario, Nahuatl to Spanish,
   fol. 95v, gives the definition as “imagen de alguno,
   sustituto, o delegado” (the image of someone, a
   substitute, or delegate). The longer exploration
   of the term by Hvidtfeldt shows its sacred
   qualities. Hvidtfeldt, Teotl and Ixiptlatli.


3. Díaz del Castillo, True History, vol. 2,
   ch. 88, 41.


4. Díaz del Castillo, True History, vol. 2,
   ch. 88, 40–41.


5. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 9, ch. 21.


6. Thomas A. Lee Jr. and Carlos Navarrete,
   eds., Mesoamerican Communication Routes and
   Cultural Contacts.


7. Cortés, Letters from Mexico, 103–104.


8. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 9, ch. 20.


9. See Berdan and Anawalt, eds., The Codex
   Mendoza, vol. 3 (facsimile): for feathered suits as
   tribute, fols. 19r–55r; for warriors in feathered
   costumes, fols. 64r, 65r, 67r.


10. Eduardo Matos Moctezuma and Felipe
    Solís Olguin, eds., Aztecs, 449.


11. Jacqueline de Durand-Forest, ed.,
    Codex Ixtlilxochitl: Bibliothèque national, Paris
    (Ms. Mex. 55–710).


12. Durán, History, 356.


13. Patricia Rieff Anawalt, “A Comparative
    Analysis of the Costumes and Accoutrements
    of the Codex Mendoza”; Patricia Rieff Anawalt,
    “The Emperors’ Cloak: Aztec Pomp, Toltec
    Circumstances”; Carmen Aguilera, “Of Royal
    Mantles and Blue Turquoise: The Meaning of
    the Mexican Emperor’s Mantle”; Barnes, “Icons
    of Empire,” 56–85.


14. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 10, ch. 14.


15. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 6, ch. 5,
    21–24. Translations of individual words from
    Molina, Vocabulario.


16. Lockhart, The Nahuas after the Conquest,
    20–28.


17. Caso, “Los barrios antiguos de
    Tenochtitlan y Tlatelolco”; Truitt, “Nahuas and
    Catholicism in Mexico Tenochtitlan.”


18. Kartunnen gives the spelling as “tlahxil-
    lacalli”—she gives no etymology, but calli is
    “house,” and xillantli is “womb,” a word with
    metaphorical freight of origin; Frances Kart-
    tunen, An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl, 271.
    Current Nahua scholars favor the orthography
    tlaxilacalli and its treatment as a subunit of the
    altepetl, replacing an earlier generation’s prefer-
    ence for the term calpolli. See Caterina Pizzigoni,