index • 24588 ; and floods, 208; and Franciscans, 226n74;
and freshwater supply, 197, 207; gobernadores’
role in, 84, 86; goods in, 88–90, 91–92, 93;
and indigenous communal rights to urban
land, 205–207, 208; and indigenous material
culture, 93, 218n58; as indigenous space, 86,
98, 105; López de Gómara’s description of, 80;
Map of, 88–89, 89 , 94, 206, 207; in Map of
Santa Cruz, 84–85, 85 , 86, 94; name of, 84, 85,
217n43; physical features of, 86, 88–90, 93, 99;
pre-Hispanic site of, 84; and processions, 175;
and representations of space, 206–207; and
tecpan of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 85, 86, 93, 99,
108, 110, 112–113, 127; and Valeriano, 205–207
Tianguis of San Hipólito, 85, 86, 218n46
tianguizhuaque (market overseers), 218n64
tianquiztli (market): glyph for, 12, 12 , 82; as lived
space, 60
Tira de la Peregrinación: Arrival at Chapultepec,
30–31, 31 , 61, 70; Departure from Aztlan,
26–27, 26 , 31; Huitzilopochtli’s election of
Tenochtitlan, 27–28
Tira de Tepechpan, and Esteban de Guzmán’s
accession, 222n57
tithes, disputes over, 164, 178, 222n63
Tizocic (r. 1481–1486), 52, 156
Tlacaelel (brother of Moteuczoma I), 62, 80
Tlachihuatepetl, 26
Tlaco, Juana, 137
Tlacocomulco, 50
Tlacopan (city): as altepetl, 135; as “ciudad,” 131;
and Triple Alliance of 1428, 20, 37, 61. See also
Tacuba (city)
Tlacopan causeway: and Chapultepec aqueduct,
51, 63, 64, 80, 94; contested meanings of, 94;
and Moyotlan, 127; and processions, 58–59.
See also Tacuba causeway
Tlacotzin, Juan Velázquez: and aquatic
infrastructure, 81; as cihuacoatl, 80–81, 82;
in Codex Aubin, 8 , 81; construction projects
of, 99; and Cortés, 110, 118; death of, 77,
82; as gobernador, 77, 82, 83, 84, 99–100; in
Humboldt Fragment II, 81, 82 ; palace of, 110;
tianguis established by, 99, 127
Tlahuac, 20
Tlaloc (rain and agricultural deity): chacmool
with Tlaloc mask, 42, 42 , 47–48;
impersonators of, 48, 48 , 68; and origin
histories, 45; and processions, 177; sculpture
at aqueduct of Chapultepec, 63, 197;
and Templo Mayor, 30, 42, 43, 76; water
associated with, 42, 48, 160, 225n15
Tlaltecuhtli (earth deity), 45, 48, 49, 49 , 50 , 193
tlapalli (pigment), 80
Tlatelolco: as altepetl, 57, 73; and aquatic
infrastructure, 39; in Covarrubias’s View
of the Valley of Mexico, 25, 25 ; creation of,
26; independence of, 181; looting during
Spanish Conquest, 72; Map of pre-Hispanic
Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco, 16 , 17, 38, 51,
57, 58, 61, 69; markets of, 86; post-Conquest
market of, 217n28; pre-Hispanic market of,
80; Tenochtitlan’s conquest of, 128, 131, 133,
135, 179. See also Santiago Tlatelolco
tlatoque (supreme leaders): and aquatic
infrastructure, 39; in Codex Mendoza, 100,
111; as deity delegates, 56–57; descendants of,
83, 99, 100, 110, 118, 156; feathers associated
with, 55, 56; and festivals, 170; and gifting,
106, 184; jade beads associated with, 21, 82;
as metonym for city-state, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 18;
processions of, 58, 94, 95, 188; and spatial
agency, 59–61; in Tenochtitlan, 18, 52–53, 210
Tlaxcala (city), 107, 119, 125, 131, 171
tlaxilacalli (neighborhoods): boundaries of, 138,
221n24; and chane or home, 137–138; chapels
of, 137, 221n17; Franciscan chapels replacing
local shrines maintained by, 118; and images
of saints, 173; of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 17,
135–138, 136 ; and migrating clans of Mexica,
110; orthography of, 215–216n18; place-
names of, 140, 141–149, 149, 151–156, 167;
and processions, 174; shrines of, 58; social
and spatial dimension of, 57–58; tributary
population of, 221n50
Tlaxpana fountain, 197
Tlilancalqui, Baltazar, 137
Tlillan (shrine), 58
Tochtepec, tribute goods from, 53, 54 , 55, 111
Toci (earth deity), 216n67
Tocuepotzin (Tetzcocan noble), 159, 159 , 163
Toluca, conquest of, 70–71
Torquemada, Juan de: on dike construction,
39; on epidemics, 203; on Laguna of Mexico,
38; on Moteuczoma’s aviary, 105, 220n36;
on Piedad causeway, 221n51; on population,
221n50; processions, 170; and Valadés, 120;
and Valeriano, 190
Townsend, Richard, 28
transport networks: and aquatic infrastructure,
41; and canals, 23, 35, 38, 41, 77, 84, 196, 197;
and canoes, 23, 38, 41, 77, 84, 197, 207; of post-
Conquest cities, 9
Trasmonte, Juan Gómez de, “Forma y Levantado
de la Ciudad de México,” 128, 129–130, 129 ,
203–204, 204
traza (grid plan): and Caso’s Map of
Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco, 136; and Plaza
Mayor, 73, 73 , 77, 93, 94; Spanish cabildo’s
control of, 135, 206; and Spanish cabildo’s
land grants, 93; and Trasmonte’s “Forma y
Levantado de la Ciudad de México,” 128, 129
tributary labor: and leader of altepetl, 110, 149;
and Real Audiencia judges, 101
tributary states, of Mexica, 37, 52, 53, 55–56, 60,
71, 80, 81, 86, 135, 221n14
tribute goods: in Codex Mendoza, 53, 54 , 55, 111,
156; in Codex Osuna, 162 , 163, 164–165; in
Genaro García 30, 149, 150 , 151–152, 152 , 153,
156, 158 , 159, 165; and indigenous governmentof Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 156, 157, 168; and
Mexica rulers, 20–21, 52, 53, 55–56, 60, 81, 99,
157; and Tehuetzquititzin, 149
tribute system, reform of, 166, 167, 168, 188–189
Triple Alliance of 1428: altepeme of, 20–21, 37, 61;
and Azcapotzalco, 75; in Codex Osuna, 134 ,
135; leaders of, 52, 55, 64, 181–182, 199, 200,
224n62
Truitt, Jonathan, 18, 137, 140, 149, 218n53
Tula (city), 69, 151
Tzutzumatzin (Coyoacan ruler), 64Umberger, Emily, 45–46, 47 , 67, 67 , 216n71
urban plots, Map of, 138, 139–140, 139 , 151
Valadés, Diego: on civic celebrations, 95–96,
218n69; family background of, 119, 220n20;
and Gregory I, 119, 220n18; on indigenous
elites, 116; Monastery of San Francisco, from
Rhetorica christiana, 114, 115 , 120, 120 , 122; as
resident of Monastery of San Francisco, 119;
Rhetorica christiana, 114, 119–123, 124, 220n18;
on San José de los Naturales, 170; on tecpan,
108
Valderrama, Gerónimo de, 163, 166, 185, 188–189,
198, 225n96
Valencia, Martín de, 122, 125
Valeriano, Antonio (r. 1573–1599), 24, 190–191,
199, 202–208, 212, 226n82
Valle, Perla, 15, 35
Valley of Mexico: Covarrubias’s View of the
Valley of Mexico, 25–26, 25 , 28, 29; geography
of, 23, 25; Map of, xii, 23, 35, 58, 61, 63; Map of
major dikes, 35, 36 , 37, 38, 39, 40, 58, 64, 69, 75,
197; post-Conquest cities in, 9; pre-Conquest
cities of, 15; shallow lakes of, 15, 34–35; and
Triple Alliance of 1428, 20–21, 52; war in, 37, 52
van Meckenem, Israhel, The Mass of Saint
Gregory, engraving, 104, 104
Vargas Betancourt, Margarita, 15
vecinos (property-owning residents), 76–77
veintena (monthly feasts). See festival calendar
Velasco, Juan López de, 129, 221n5
Velasco, Luis de (r. 1550–1564): and aquatic
infrastructure, 200, 202; in Beinecke Map, 101 ,
102, 163–164; in Codex Osuna, 109 , 111, 162 ,
163, 163–164, 164–165, 164 , 165, 200; in Codex
Tlatelolco, 180, 181 ; death of, 198; and legal
disputes, 163, 185, 199; public mass at Chapel
of San José de los Naturales, 117; and tribute
system reform, 189; as viceroy, 160
Vera Cruz, Alonso de, 222n63
Vetancourt, Agustín de, 221n17
Villalobos, Pedro de, 186, 197
Villanueva Zapata, Luis de, 189, 225n96
Virgin Mary: cult statue of, 179, 180; Mary,
Queen of Heaven, 152; Soledad de la Virgen,
173; Virgin of Guadalupe and Tepeyacac
shrine, 37–38; Virgin of Remedios, 173, 176;
Virgin of the Assumption, 95, 126, 168, 177