culture, and increase their association with minority culture members. Achievement of
the fourth and fifth stages, redefinitionandreintegration, brings an increased understand-
ing of one’s dominant culture identity and an appreciation of minority cultures.^56
In the first stage of Martin and Nakayama’sbiracial identitydevelopment model,
biracial individuals may rotate through three phases where they (1) become conscious
of differences in general and the potential for discord, (2) gain an awareness of their
personal differences from other children, and (3) begin to sense they are not part of
the norm. The second stage entails a struggle to be accepted and the development of
feelings that they should choose one race or another. In the third and final stage,
biracial individuals accept their duality, becoming more self-confident.^57 This devel-
opment model is demonstrated in the historical experience of Japanese biracial chil-
dren, often calledhafu(half) in Japanese. The occupation of Japan by Allied forces
after World War II saw the birth of increasing numbers of biracial children who gen-
erally encountered derision and overt discrimination. However, as their numbers have
gown, especially with the increase of international marriages arising from globaliza-
tion, they have become common figures in the contemporary social order, establishing
a formal, worldwide organizational structure promoting organized events and publicAs you go about daily
activities, entering
and exiting various
contexts, different
identities come into
play.
Rudi Von Briel/photoEdit258 CHAPTER 7•Culture and Identity: Situating the Individual
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