60 Notes
Year without a Summer (Newport, RI: Seven Seas Press, 983 ); Patrick Webb,
“Emergency Relief During Europe’s Famine of 8 7 Anticipated Crisis-
Response Mechanisms of Today,” Journal of Nutrition 3 , no. 7 ( July 00 ):
09 S- 09 S, http://jn.nutrition.org/content/ 3 / 7 / 09 S.long.
9. In northern China: Gillen Wood, “The Volcano That Changed the
Course of History,” Slate, April 9 , 0 4 , http://www.slate.com/articles/health
_and_science/science/ 0 4 / 04 /tambora_eruption_caused_the_year_with
out_a_summer_cholera_opium_famine_and.html; Michael Greshko, “ 0
Years Ago, This Volcano Caused a Climate Catastrophe,” National Geographic,
April 8 , 0 6 , https://news.nationalgeographic.com/ 0 6 / 04 / 60408 -tambora
-eruption-volcano-anniversary-indonesia-science/; Yang Yu-da, Man Zhimin,
and Zheng Jingyun, “A Serious Famine in Yunnan ( 8 – 8 7 ) and the Erup-
tion of Tambola Volcano,” Fudan Journal of Social Science ( 00 ), http://en
.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-FDDX 00 0 0 .htm; Klingaman and
Klingaman, The Year, 7 .
0. Extreme monsoons and flooding: Klingaman and Klingaman, The
Year, 7 ; Michael Greshko, “ 0 Years Ago.”
. started deep beneath the planet’s crust: “Temperatures at the Sur-
face Reflect Temperatures below the Ground,” US Geological Survey Volcano
Hazards Program, last modified January 7 , 0 6 , https://volcanoes.usgs.gov
/vhp/thermal.html; “Magma,” National Geographic, Education, accessed No-
vember 3 , 0 7 , https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/magma/.
. eruption of Mount Tambora: Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly
Everything (New York: Broadway Books, 004 ), 4 9 ; Richard Stothers, “The
Great Tambora Eruption in 8 and Its Aftermath,” Science 4 , no. 46 4
( 984 ): 9 – 98 , http://doi.org/ 0 . 6 /science. 4. 46 4 . 9 ; Christopher New-
hall and Stephen Self, “The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): An Esti-
mate of Explosive Magnitude for Historical Volcanism,” Journal of Geophysi-
cal Research 87 , no. C ( 98 ): 3 – 38 , https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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nica, accessed November 3 , 0 7 , https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount
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3. 80 percent of the country’s workforce: Stanley Lebergott, “Labor
Force and Employment, 800 – 960 ,” in Output, Employment, and Productivity
in the United States after 1800 , ed. Dorothy Brady (Cambridge, MA: National
Bureau of Economic Research, 966 ), 7 – 04 , http://www.nber.org/chapters
/c 67 .pdf.
4. The year was dubbed: Stommel and Stommel, Volcano Weather, chap.
; Leah Shafer, “Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death,” US Capital His-
torical Society, July , 0 3 , https://uschs.wordpress.com/ 0 3 / 07 //eighteen