76 Notes
4. Prior to World War II: Daniel Kleinman, Politics on the Endless
Frontier: Postwar Research Policy in the United States (Durham, NC: Duke Uni-
versity Press, 99 ), 8 – 9.
. up to the 1950 s: Philip Pardey, Julian Alston, and Connie Chan-Kang,
“Public Food and Agricultural Research in the United States: The Rise and
Decline of Public Investments, and Policies for Renewal,” AGree Transform-
ing Food & Ag Policy, April 0 3 , vi, 3 (Table ), http://www.foodandag
policy.org/sites/default/files/AGree-Public% 0 Food% 0 and% 0 Ag% 0
Research% 0 in% 0 US-Apr% 0 0 3 .pdf.
6. President Roosevelt commissioned Bush: Roger Pielke Jr., “In
Retrospect: Science—The Endless Frontier,” Nature 466 (August 0 0 ): 9 –
3 , https://www.nature.com/articles/ 4669 a.pdf.
7. “purest realms of science.”: Vannevar Bush, Science—The Endless
Frontier, A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research
(Washington, DC: National Science Foundation, 960 ), chap. 3 , https://ar
chive.org/details/scienceendlessfr 00 unit.
8. Such research was driven by curiosity: Ibid.
9. basic research meant uncovering “practical applications”: Ibid.
30. Speaking of agriculture: Ibid., chap. .
3 . “embedded in commercial possibility.”: Don Lotter, “The Genetic
Engineering of Food and the Failure of Science—Part : Academic Capital-
ism and the Loss of Scientific Integrity,” International Journal of Sociology of
Agriculture and Food 6 , no. ( 009 ), 0 – 68 , http://www.ijsaf.org/archive/ 6 /
/lotter.pdf.
3 . other agencies soon leap-frogged: Pielke Jr., “In Retrospect.”
33. USDA received less than 2 percent: “Figure 4 - 9 : Federal Obliga-
tions for R&D, by Agency and Character of Work: FY 0 ,” Science and Engi-
neering Indicators 2014 (Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, NSB 4 -
0 ), 4 – 36 , https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind 4 /content/etc/nsb 40 .pdf.
34. legislation that tied up loose ends: Pardey et al., “Public Food,” 4 ,
fn. 39.
3 . “the patent system to promote: US Government Publishing Office,
“Public Law 96 - 7 ,” accessed November 6 , 0 7 , https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys
/pkg/STATUTE- 94 /pdf/STATUTE- 94 -Pg 30 .pdf.
36. the most inspired piece of legislation: “Innovation’s Golden Goose,”
The Economist, December , 00 , http://www.economist.com/node/ 476
6 3.
37. behave more like businesses than neutral arbiters: “Bayhing for
Blood or Doling Out Cash?” The Economist, December 0 , 00 , , http:
//www.economist.com/node/ 3 766 .