Notes 7738. accelerate licensing, startup ventures, and patent applications: Na-tional Research Council, Spurring Innovation in Food and Agriculture: A Re-
view of the USDA Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Program (Washing-
ton, DC: National Academies Press, 0 4 ), 6 , http://wssa.net/wp-content
/uploads/Spurring-Innovation-in-Food-and-Ag_A-Review-of-USDA
-AFRI-by-NAS.
39. “measurable societal impacts.”: Ibid.
40. The number-one challenge: Bradford Barham, Jeremy Foltz, and
Daniel Prager, “Making Time for Science,” Research Policy 43 , no. (February
0 4 ): – 3 , https://doi.org/ 0 . 0 6 /j.respol. 0 3. 08. 007.
4 . $454 billion spent on research: “Table 4 - , U.S. R&D Expenditures,
by Performing Sector and Source of Funds: 008 – ,” in “Science & Engi-
neering Indicators 0 8 ,” National Science Board, chap. 4 , 4 – 0 , https://www
.nsf.gov/statistics/ 0 8 /nsb 0 8 /assets/ 038 /research-and-development-u-s
-trends-and-international-comparisons.pdf.
4 . Of that amount, 0.6 percent: Matthew Clancy, Keith Fuglie, and
Paul Heisey, “U.S. Agricultural R&D in an Era of Falling Public Funding,”
Economic Research Service (ERS), November 0 , 0 6 , https://www.ers.usda
.gov/amber-waves/ 0 6 /november/us-agricultural-rd-in-an-era-of-falling
-public-funding/.
43. society’s larger withdrawal from public universities: ERS, “Pro-
jected Spending Under the 0 4 Farm Bill,” last modified January 6 , 0 8 ,
https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-commodity-policy
/projected-spending-under-the- 0 4 -farm-bill/.
44. college tuition and fees skyrocketed: Ilan Kolet, “College Tuition’s
, 0 Percent Increase,” Bloomberg Businessweek, August 3 , 0 , https://www
.bloomberg.com/news/articles/ 0 - 08 - 3 /college-tuitions-- 0 -percent
-increase.
4 . more than half of all states: Michael Mitchell, Michael Leachman,
and Kathleen Masterson, “A Lost Decade in Higher Education Funding,”
Figure 8 , Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, August 3 , 0 7 , https:
//www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ 0 7 _highered 8 - - 7 _final
.pdf.
46. At Michigan State University: “Michigan State University Pro-
posed 00 – 00 Budgets,” Michigan State University, accessed June 8 , 0 8 ,
https://opb.msu.edu/functions/budget/documents/ 00 - 0 Budgets.pdf;
and “Michigan State University 0 7 – 0 8 Budgets,” accessed June 8 , 0 8 ,
https://opb.msu.edu/functions/budget/documents/ 0 7 - 8 Budgets.pdf.
47. 71 percent of the general operating budget: “FY 7 and FY 8 Budget
Overview,” Michigan State University, accessed June 8 , 0 8 , https://opb.msu.