84 Notes
0. farms producing hogs fell by almost three-quarters: James Mac-
Donald, “Concentration, Contracting, and Competition Policy in U.S. Agri-
business,” Concurrences, no. ( 0 6 ): 3 – 9 , http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/ 478 97 / 7
/Lianos 03 % 0 concurrences- 0 6 _on_topics_lianos_etal.pdf.
. control nearly two-thirds of all hogs: Ibid.
. 95 percent of all hogs marketed: Howard, Concentration and Power, 8 .
3. rural labor with few opportunities: Christopher Leonard, The Meat
Racket: The Secret Takeover of America’s Food Business (New York: Simon &
Schuster, 0 4 ).
4. living below the poverty line: “The Business of Broilers: Hidden
Costs of Putting a Chicken on Every Grill,” Pew Charitable Trusts, Decem-
ber 0 , 0 3 , http://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/peg/pub
lications/report/businessofbroilersreportthepewcharitabletrustspdf.pdf.
. so toxic it can kill humans and the pigs: Kevin Schulz, “Hydro-
gen Sulfide—the Invisible Killer in Hog Manure,” National Hog Farmer,
September 8 , 0 , http://www.nationalhogfarmer.com/facilities/hydrogen
-sulfide-invisible-killer-hog-manure.
6. a victory for America’s cattle and beef producers: Larry Dreiling,
“USDA Withdraws GIPSA Rule,” High Plains Journal, October 7 , 0 7 , http:
//www.hpj.com/livestock/usda-withdraws-gipsa-rule/article 3 3 a 6 dc-b 36 f
- e 7 - 8 ef 0 - 73 08 b 90 a 0 9 .html.
7. increased consumer prices for meat: Ibid.
8. market dominance exceeds 70 percent: MacDonald, “Concentration.”
9. control more than half of each market: Keith Fuglie et al., “Rising
Concentration in Agricultural Input Industries Influences New Farm Tech-
nologies,” ERS, December 3 , 0 , https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/ 0
/december/rising-concentration-in-agricultural-input-industries-influences
-new-technologies/.
60. Walmart controlling one-third: Stephanie Clifford, “Wal-Mart Tests
Service for Buying Food Online,” New York Times, April 4 , 0 , http://
http://www.nytimes.com/ 0 / 04 //business/walmart.html; “Grocery Goliaths:
How Food Monopolies Impact Consumers,” Food & Water Watch, Decem-
ber 0 3 , https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/sites/default/files/Grocery% 0
Goliaths% 0 Report% 0 Dec% 0 0 3 .pdf.
6 . Tyson Foods owns thirty-eight brands: “Our Brands,” Tyson Foods,
accessed March 9 , 0 8 , https://www.tysonfoods.com/our-brands; “Trusted
Brands,” Smithfield Foods, accessed March 9 , 0 8 , https://www.smith
fieldfoods.com/our-brands.
6 . Smithfield now controls 27 percent: “Estimated Daily U.S. Slaughter
Capacity by Plant (head per day),” Pork Checkoff, National Pork Board, last