304 Notes
gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/UCM 3 943
.pdf; FDA, “ 0 3 Summary Report on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for
Use in Food-Producing Animals,” April 0 , 39 , http://www.fda.gov/down
loads/ForIndustry/UserFees/AnimalDrugUserFeeActADUFA/UCM 440 84
.pdf.
0. an average of 355 chickens: Krishnasamy et al., “Antimicrobial Use in
Chinese Swine and Broiler”; Steve Martinez, “Vertical Coordination in the
Pork and Broiler Industries: Implications for Pork and Chicken Products,” Eco-
nomic Research Service, AER- 777 , April, 999 , https://www.ers.usda.gov/web
docs/publications/ 40999 / 7966 aer 777 _.pdf?v= 4 063 ; “Big Chicken: Pollu-
tion and Industrial Poultry Production in America,” Pew Charitable Trusts
Environment Group, July 7 , 0 , http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy
/uploadedfiles/peg/publications/report/pegbigchickenjuly 0 pdf.
. less than fifty days: Krishnasamy et al., “Antimicrobial Use in Chinese
Swine and Broiler.”
. thirteen new classes of antibiotics: Brian Vastag, “NIH Super-
bug Outbreak Highlights Lack of New Antibiotics,” Washington Post, August
4 , 0 , http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/nih-super
bug-outbreak-highlights-lack-of-new-antibiotics/ 0 / 08 / 4 /ec 33 d 0 c 8 -ee 4
- e-b 0 eb-dac 6 b 0 87 ad_print.html; “Reviving the Pipeline of Life-Saving
Antibiotics: Exploring Solutions to Spur Innovation,” Pew Trusts, April ,
0 , http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/ 0
/ 04 //reviving-the-pipeline-of-lifesaving-antibiotics.
3. In the last half century: Vastag, “NIH Superbug Outbreak.”
4. MRSA accounts for: CDC, “Antibiotic Resistance Threats,” 6.
. ominous threat is called CRE: CDC, “CDC: Action Needed Now
to Halt Spread of Deadly Bacteria,” March , 0 3 , https://www.cdc.gov/media
/releases/ 0 3 /p 030 _deadly_bacteria.html.
6. “nightmare bacteria,”: CDC, “CDC: Action Needed Now.”
7. pass along their resistance: CDC, “Carbapenem-Resistant Entero-
bacteriaceae in Healthcare Settings,” last modified February 3 , 0 8 , https:
//www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cre/index.html.
8. antibiotic-resistant infections: CDC, “Antibiotic Resistance Threats.”
9. annual usage is forecast to grow: Thomas Van Boeckel et al., “Global
Trends in Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals,” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences , no. 8 (May , 0 ): 649 – 4 , http://www.pnas.org/content
/pnas// 8 / 649 .full.pdf.
30. nonbinding recommendations: FDA, “# 09 Guidance for Industry—
The Judicious Use of Medically Important Antimicrobial Drugs in Food-
Producing Animals,” April 3 , 0 , https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Animal