Jim_Krane]_Energy_Kingdoms__Oil_and_Political_Sur

126SHIFTING GEARS IN SAUDI ARABIA On the other hand, as table 8.1 shows, most prices remained heavily subsidized and well below ...

TABLE 8.1 Price changes of Saudi energy products after January 1, 2016 Product 2015 2016/2017 2018 % change (2015– 2018) Current ...

128SHIFTING GEARS IN SAUDI ARABIA result of economic mismanagement. One common refrain was that poor Saudis were being forced t ...

SHIFTING GEARS IN SAUDI ARABIA129 EFFECTS ON DEMAND There are any number of terrific reasons for abolishing fossil fuel subsi- ...

130SHIFTING GEARS IN SAUDI ARABIA Saudi consumers to change their behavior. Gasoline demand in the first quarter of 2018 droppe ...

SHIFTING GEARS IN SAUDI ARABIA131 al- Hasa, the same area in which American prospectors found oil in the 1930s. At the age of e ...

132SHIFTING GEARS IN SAUDI ARABIA Vienna. Those who ran alongside were rewarded with scraps of detail for their stories.^36 By ...

SHIFTING GEARS IN SAUDI ARABIA133 especially that now efficiency measures have been combined with higher electricity and oil pr ...

134SHIFTING GEARS IN SAUDI ARABIA had risen, as had the price of water used for “misting” the cows to cool them. “I have no cho ...

SHIFTING GEARS IN SAUDI ARABIA135 known to jail dissenters. Others chose a more subtle but still effective technique: They post ...

9. The Politics of Reform T he Imam Jafar al- Sadiq Mosque is one of the oldest in Kuwait, with a moss- green dome covered in ei ...

THE POLITICS OF REFORM137 twenty- six- year- old stateless Kuwaiti, sat in the driver’s seat. Both men had pledged allegiance t ...

138THE POLITICS OF REFORM attack was deeply symbolic, given the Saudi citizenship of the bomber and the Saudi ancestry of the S ...

THE POLITICS OF REFORM139 it comes to reforming subsidies or other benefits. Everyone knows who is behind any painful policy de ...

140THE POLITICS OF REFORM But while a fiscal crisis and a security crisis might have been enough political cover for ordinary c ...

THE POLITICS OF REFORM141 Kuwait’s shortage of natural gas forced the monarchy to begin import- ing LNG at world market prices. ...

142THE POLITICS OF REFORM Q ATA R The only Gulf monarchy with cheaper electricity than Kuwait— and less pressure to reform pric ...

THE POLITICS OF REFORM143 consumption— which for electricity dropped 2  percent in 2015 and 4  percent in 2016 and for water dr ...

144THE POLITICS OF REFORM In 2011, the sultanate surprised the world— and Middle East scholars— by joining the Arab Spring.^20 ...

THE POLITICS OF REFORM145 per gallon for regular gasoline, almost 90 percent more than they paid in 2015. The increases appeare ...