William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

Glossary/Index A101

Senior Executive Service, 478

seniority, 396 The informal congressio-

nal norm of choosing the member

who has served the longest on a

particular committee to be the

committee chair.

separate but equal doctrine, 153–54, 168,

172–73, 2 67, 468 The idea that racial

segregation was acceptable as long

as the separate facilities were of

equal quality; supported by Plessy v.

Fe rg u son and struck down by Brown

v. Board of Education.

separation of church and state, 111, 114–15

separation of powers, 6, 8, 3 7, 41, 51, 58,

65–66 The division of government

power across the judicial, executive,

and legislative branches.

September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks,

53, 133, 423, 624, 624, 628

domestic surveillance after, 135–36,

410

foreign policy after, 642, 646

immigration policies after, 192

public opinions on, 200, 204, 208,

635–36

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944),

533

Sessions, Jeff, 70, 247, 298, 366, 440,

472

executive privilege of, 433, 437

on free speech, 102

on leaks to press, 125

and marijuana laws, 95

Seventeenth Amendment, 62, 377

Seventh Amendment, 108, 113

sexual harassment, 180

sexual orientation, 157–58, 181–82. See

also LGBTQ people

Shapiro, Robert Y., 207

shared powers, 54–56

Shaw v. Reno, 175, 393

Shays, Daniel, 35

Shays’s Rebellion, 35 An uprising of

about 1,500 men in Massachusetts

in 1786 and 1787 to protest oppres-

sive laws and gain payment of war

debts. The unrest prompted calls for

a new constitution.

Shelby, Richard, 301

Shelby County v. Holder, 91

Shepard, Matthew, 185

Sherman, Roger, 49

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 81, 421,

4 67, 5 6 0

Shinseki, Eric, 413, 584

Shulkin, David, 425

Sierra Club, 350, 350, 351, 352

signing statements, 444 A document

issued by the president when

signing a bill into law explaining

his or her interpretation of the law,

which often differs from the inter-

pretation of Congress, in an attempt

to influence how the law will be

implemented.

Silver, Nate, 215

simple resolution, 405

Simpson, Alan, 597

Simpson, O. J., 495

The Simpsons, 200

Sinclair, Barbara, 404

Sindram, Michael, 505

Singapore Summit, 639

single-member districts, 288, 300 An

electoral system in which every

elected official represents a

geographically defined area, such as

a state or congressional district, and

each area elects one representative.

Sixteenth Amendment, 62

Sixth Amendment, 60, 108, 113, 138–39,

516

“size principle,” Madison on, 41

Skowronek, Stephen, 449

Slager, Michael, 163, 164

slander, 126–27 Spoken false statements

that damage a person’s reputation.

They can be regulated by the govern-

ment but are often difficult to distin-

guish from permissible speech.

Slants (rock band), 128, 128

slavery, 22, 151–53, 158

and Civil War, 48, 48, 80, 152

and Civil War amendments, 109,

152– 53

as Constitutional Convention issue,

40, 45, 45–48

and Dred Scott decision, 78, 79,

79–80, 152, 493

as “original sin,” 45, 47

political party views on, 266

and presidential power, 421

state differences in, 40, 45–48, 79

Three-Fifths Compromise on, 46, 47

Smoot-Hawley Act (1930), 567

snake handling in religious practice,

105, 105, 114

Snowden, Edward, 135, 244–45

socialization, political, 203

social media, 232–34

fake news on, 2–4, 256

interest group use of, 360–61

political information on, 234, 237,

238, 239–40, 256, 257–58

speech restrictions on, 123

social movements on civil rights, 166–72

social networks in political socializa-

tion, 203

social policy, 572–613 An area of public

policy related to maintaining

or enhancing the wellbeing of

individuals.

bureaucracy role in, 584–85, 587

congressional and presidential

role in, 583–84, 586–89, 604–5,

609 –10

contributory programs in, 576

definition of, 575

diffusion of, 590–91

on education, 577, 578, 585, 606–9

evaluation of, 587, 588–89

in Great Society, 577–78, 584

on health care, 572–74, 578, 584, 598,

598– 603, 610

historical development of, 575–78

implementation of, 587, 588–89

on income support and welfare, 603–5

interest group influence on, 586

in New Deal, 576–77, 584

noncontributory programs in, 576

and ownership society, 578

policy agenda on, 586–87

policy-making process for, 586–91

political conflicts on, 572–75, 610

in poverty and income inequality,

579–84, 586

regulatory, 561

Social Security in, 591–97

state role in, 585

types of, 576

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