A108 Glossary/IndexUnited States Trade Representative, 544,
544 , 566, 627 An agency founded
in 1962 to negotiate with foreign
governments to create trade
agreements, resolve disputes, and
participate in global trade-policy
organizations. Treaties negotiated
by the USTR must be ratified by the
Senate.United States v. Bond, 91
United States v. Lopez, 91, 92, 93
United States v. Morrison, 91
United States v. Nixon, 433
United States v. Virginia, 179
United States v. Windsor, 91
“Unite the Right” rally and violence in
Virginia, 121, 124
universalism, 395
University of California, 102, 103, 113,
190
University of Florida, 102, 124
University of Maryland, 172
University of Michigan, 179, 190, 191,
194, 517
University of Missouri, 122
University of Texas, 179, 190, 190, 191,
194
University of Texas, Fisher v., 179, 191
University of Wisconsin, 121, 576
Unorthodox Lawmaking (Sinclair), 404
unreasonable searches and seizures,
132–36
USA PATRIOT Act (2001), 133, 410
Utah, 192, 278–79VA hospitals, 413, 584
value of dollar, 564
values, cultural, and political conflicts,
15–17
Van Buren, Martin, 421
Vandenberg, Arthur, 616
Van Zant, Charles, 607
Verizon, 135, 366
Ver mont , 47, 95, 283
Versailles Treaty, 620vesting clause, 424 Article II, Section
1, of the Constitution, which states:
“The executive Power shall be
vested in a President of the United
States of America,” making the
president both the head of govern-
ment and the head of state.veterans, military, 290, 413
education assistance for, 533, 606
employment of, 533
financial support for, 575
health care for, 413, 584
Veterans’ Affairs Committee, 413
Veterans Affairs Department, 469,
470, 474
Secretary of, 413, 425, 584
Veterans of Foreign Wars, 120, 384veto, 5 7, 409, 430–33, 442 The presi-
dent’s rejection of a bill that has
been passed by Congress. A veto can
be overridden by a two-thirds vote in
both the House and Senate.
on budget legislation, 545
on foreign policy initiatives, 630vice president, 439–40
election of, 44, 298, 300
impeachment of, 57, 413, 446
nomination of candidates for, 281,
282, 304
as Senate president, 398, 426, 439
video games, violent, 129
Vietnam War, 56, 125, 222, 422, 578
domino theory on, 622
protests against, 120, 121, 171, 516
viewpoint discrimination, 123
violence
in fighting words, 126
gun-related, 130–31
in video games, 129
Violence Against Women Act (1994),
92–93, 184
Virginia, 35, 48, 50
cross burning in, 123
media coverage of elections in, 247
presidential campaign in (2016),
283
slavery in, 47
“Unite the Right” rally and violence
in, 121, 124, 187
voting districts in, 175, 176
Virginia, United States v., 179
Virginia Military Institute, 177, 179Virginia Plan, 42, 43 , 62 A plan proposed
by the larger states during the
Constitutional Convention that
based representation in the national
legislature on population. The plan
also included a variety of otherproposals to strengthen the national
government.Vitale, Engel v., 114
Volunteers in Service to America
( V ISTA), 577
vote counting, 301–2, 304–8
recounts in, 302, 305
voter turnout, 300, 316–17, 326, 326–27
of African Americans, 159–60, 160,
182, 215–16, 327, 332, 333
in midterm congressional elections
(2018), 326 , 327, 334, 335–36
in presidential elections, 159–60,
160, 215–16, 248–49, 284, 326,
326–27, 332, 333
voting, 326–30
absentee, 300
access to, 159–61, 302
accountability of incumbents in, 299
by African Americans, 17, 22, 62,
88, 92, 109, 153, 159–61, 182, 183,
215–16, 327, 332, 333, 513
ballots and machines in, 301, 301
candidate traits as factor in, 328, 329
counting of votes in, 301–2, 304–8
cues in, 270, 327–28, 330
in democracy, 21
economy affecting, 309, 310, 310,
312, 329, 332, 333, 335
equality in, 22
identification required for, 160, 161,
302, 327
on initiatives and referenda, 363–64
by issue voters, 327
in local and national elections, 96–97
by mail, 300
majority, 20, 301
for minor party candidates, 288
paradox of, 326
party identification in, 274, 275,
275–76 , 30 9
party platform affecting, 299
plurality, 20, 288, 301
polling places for, 160, 176, 300
popular vote in, 304, 308, 309
in presidential election (2016), 16,
215–16, 275–76, 308, 309, 310, 332, 333
racial and ethnic differences in, 17,
159 – 60, 160
redistricting in. See redistricting
registration for, 160–61, 183
reliability of survey answers on, 217
split tickets in, 328Full_23_APT_64431_GLO_IND_A61-A114.indd 108 19/11/18 3:15 PM