70 Part 1: Strategic Management Inputs
NOTES
- R. Krause, M. Semadeni & A. A. Cannella,
 2013, External COO/presidents as expert
 directors: A new look at the service of
 role of boards, Strategic Management
 Journal, 34: 1628–1641; Y. Y. Kor & A. Mesko,
 2013, Dynamic managerial capabilities:
 Configuration and orchestration of top
 executives’ capabilities and the firm’s
 dominant logic, Strategic Management
 Journal, 34: 233–234.
- K.-Y. Hsieh, W. Tsai, & M.-J. Chen, 2015, If
 they can do it, why not us? Competitors as
 reference points for justifying escalation
 of commitment, Academy of Management
 Journal, 58: 38–58; R. Kapoor & J. M. Lee,
 2013, Coordinating and competing in
 ecosystems: How organizational forms
 shape new technology investments,
 Strategic Management Journal, 34: 274–296.
- C. E. Stevens, E. Xie, & M. W. Peng, 2015,
 Toward a legitimacy-based view of political
 risk: The case of Google and Yahoo in
 China, Strategic Management Journal, 36:
 in press; E.-H. Kim, 2013, Deregulation and
 differentiation: Incumbent investment in
 green technologies, Strategic Management
 Journal, 34: 1162–1185.
- R. J. Sawant, 2012, Asset specificity and
 corporate political activity in regulated
 industries, Academy of Management Review,
 37: 194–210; S. Hanson, A. Kashyap, & J.
 Stein, 2011, A macroprudential approach
 to financial regulation. Journal of Economic
 Perspectives, 25: 3–28.
- S. Garg, 2013, Venture boards: Distinctive
 monitoring and implications for firm
 performance, Academy of Management
Review, 38: 90–108; J. Harrison,
D. Bosse, & R. Phillips, 2010, Managing for
stakeholders, stakeholder utility functions,
and competitive advantage, Strategic
Management Journal, 31: 58–74.
- S. C. Schleimer & T. Pedersen, 2013, The
 driving forces of subsidiary absorptive
 capacity, Journal of Management Studies,
 50: 646–672; M. T. Lucas & O. M. Kirillova,
 2011, Reconciling the resource-based and
 competitive positioning perspectives
 on manufacturing flexibility, Journal of
 Manufacturing Technology Management,
 22: 189–203.
- M. Taissig & A. Delios, 2015, Unbundling the
 effects of institutions on firm resources:
 The contingent value of being local
 in emerging economy private equity,
 Strategic Management Journal, 36: in press;
 C. Qian, Q. Cao, & R. Takeuchi, 2013, Top
 management team functional diversity
 and organizational innovation in China:
 The moderating effects of environment,
 Strategic Management Journal, 34: 110–120.
- EY, 2015, Middle class growth in emerging
 markets entering the global middle class,
 http://www.ey.com, March 6; EY, 2015 Middle
 class growth in emerging markets hitting
 the sweet spot, http://www.ey.com, March 6.
- E. V. Karniouchina, S. J. Carson, J. C. Short,
 & D. J. Ketchen, 2013, Extending the firm
 vs. industry debate: Does industry life
 cycle stage matter? Strategic Management
 Journal, 34: 1010–1018.
- R. B. MacKay & R. Chia, 2013, Choice, chance,
 and unintended consequences in strategic
 change: A process understanding of
the rise and fall of NorthCo Automotive,
Academy of Management Journal, 56:
208–230; J. P. Murmann, 2013, The
coevolution of industries and important
features of their environments, Organization
Science, 24: 58–78; G. J. Kilduff, H. A.
Elfenbein, & B. M. Staw, 2010, The psychology
of rivalry: A relationally dependent analysis
of competition, Academy of Management
Journal, 53: 943–969.
- R. E. Hoskisson, M. Wright, I. Filatotchev, &
 M. W. Peng, 2013, Emerging multinationals
 from mid-range economies: The influence
 of institutions and factor markets, Journal of
 Management Studies, 50: 127–153; A. Hecker
 & A. Ganter, 2013, The influence of product
 market competition on technological
 and management innovation: Firm-
 level evidence from a large-scale survey,
 European Management Review, 10: 17–33.
- Walmart, 2015, Our locations. http://www.corporate.
 walmart.com, March 6; Metro Cash and Carry,
 2015, International Operations, en.wikipedia.
 org, February 1; BBC news, 2014, Carrefour
 to exit India business, http://www.bbc.com, July 8;
 BBC news, 2014, Tesco signs deal to enter
 India’s supermarket sector, http://www.bbc.com,
 March 21.
- F. Bridoux & J. W. Stoelhorst, 2014,
 Microfoundations for stakeholder
 theory: Managing stakeholders with
 heterogeneous motives, Strategic
 Management Journal, 35: 107–125; B. Gilad,
 2011, The power of blindspots. What
 companies don’t know, surprises them.
 What they don’t want to know, kills them,
 Strategic Direction, 27(4): 3–4.
Sources: A. Picchi, 2013, A shadow economy may be keeping the U.S.
afloat, MSN Money, http://www.msn.com, May 3; 2013, Meeting on informal
economy statistics: Country experience, international recommendations,
and application, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa,
http://www.uneca.org, April; 2013, About the informal economy, Women in
informal employment: Globalizing and organizing, http://www.wiego.org, May;
G. Bruton, R. D. Ireland, & D. J. Ketchen, Jr., 2012, Toward a research
agenda on the informal economy, Academy of Management Perspectives,
26(3): 1–11; R. D. Ireland, 2012, 2012 program theme: The informal
economy, Academy of Management, http://www.meeting.aomonline.org, March;
R. Minder, 2012, In Spain, jobless find a refuge off the books, New York
Times, http://www.nytimes.com, May 18.
Case Discussion Questions
- What are the implications of the informal economy for firms
 that operate only in the formal economy?
- When firms consider analyzing their competition, should they
 include firms in the informal economy? Please explain why or
 why not.
- What opportunities does the informal economy present to
 firms operating in the formal economy?
 4. What threats does the informal economy present to firms
 operating in the formal economy?
 5. How do firms operating in the formal economy identify and
 analyze the parts of the informal economy relevant to their
 strategies?