National Geographic History - 09.10 201

GRAND TOUR

Beginning in 1271,

Polo’s 24-year

round trip (above)

logged more than

20,0000 miles.

EOSGIS.COM/NG MAPS

empire. The Mongols even raided lands in

southern Russia.

At the time of Genghis’s death in 1227, Mon-

gol horsemen patrolled the shores of both the

Caspian and China seas; they were in Siberia,

Tibet, and the central Chinese plains. They

were also present along the Silk Road, a great

artery of trade, commerce, and information.

From 1236, the Mongols began to look farther

west and turned their attention to Europe. In

a series of shatteringly aggressive campaigns,

they stormed through what is now Ukraine and

Poland, taking Kiev in 1240 and sacking Kra-

kow the following year. A successful invasion

of Hungary opened the way for Mongol armies

to enter Austria, raiding south of Vienna. Here

they were at last turned back.

Word of the speed of Mongolian conquests

and the apparent invincibility of their horse-

men spread throughout Europe. When Polo set

out on his journey, there would still have been

many survivors of the Mongol invasions. Even

so, fear of Genghis Khan was mixed with curios-

ity about his people. Some enterprising Europe-

ans even had hunches that money could be made

through more contact with the Mongolians.

When Polo set out on his journey, there

would still have been many people with

firsthand memories of the scale of the

violence that the Mongols had unleashed.

Travels of Marco Polo (1271-1295)

Outbound: Italy to China

Homeward: China to Italy

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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY 67