The Origins of Happiness

2004

2012

Change 2004–

12

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(SD)

%

worse

%

better

Arthritis*

0.32

(0.47)

0.42

(0.49)

0.11

(0.37)

12

2

Diabetes*

0.05

(0.22)

0.01

(0.11)

−0.04

(0.25)

1

5

Stroke*

0.01

(0.11)

0.01

(0.09)

0.00

(0.14)

1

1

CHD*

0.02

(0.15)

0.01

(0.12)

−0.01

(0.19)

1

2

Limiting long-

standing illness*

0.27

(0.45)

0.35

(0.48)

0.08

(0.50)

17

9

Number of difficulties with ADL

$

0.24

(0.74)

0.31

(0.86)

−0.07

(0.79)

12

8

Hearing

2.54

(1.07)

2.30

(1.07)

−0.24

(1.00)

37

21

Eyesight

2.61

(0.87)

2.51

(0.91)

−0.10

(1.02)

33

26

Number of impaired mobilities

$

1.50

(2.15)

1.90

(2.43)

−0.40

(1.79)

35

21

Chronic pain

$

0.33

(0.47)

0.42

(0.49)

−0.10

(0.52)

19

9

Sense of control

2.93

(1.44)

2.90

(1.36)

−0.03

(1.56)

33

33

Cognitive function score

31.30

(5.35)

30.90

(5.93)

−0.40

(4.79)

48

43

Depressive symptoms CES-

D

$

1.25

(1.75)

1.23

(1.74)

0.02

(1.82)

28

29

N

3,230

*Binary variables modeled as categorical$A negative value of change represents a worse evolution
Table 9.4.

Continued