Archaeology – September-October 2019

(Steven Felgate) #1

46 ARCHAEOLOGY • September/October 2019


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Tehuacan

Tenochtitlan

Artifacts’ transatlantic journey

Rome

London

Copenhagen

Bologna

A wooden, mosaic-covered Mesoamerican
sculpture depicts a human head in a
reptile’s open jaws.
Free download pdf