Assembly Language for Beginners

3.19. NEGATIVE ARRAY INDICES

3.19.3 Arrays started at 1.

Fortran and Mathematica defined first element of array as 1th, probably because this is tradition in math-

ematics. OtherPLs like C/C++ defined it as 0th. Which is better? Edsger W. Dijkstra argued that latter is

better^36.

But programmers may still have a habit after Fortran, so using this little trick, it’s possible to address the

first element in C/C++ using index 1:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int random_value=0x11223344;

unsigned char array[10];

int i;

unsigned char *fakearray=&array[-1];

for (i=0; i<10; i++)

array[i]=i;

printf ("first element %d\n", fakearray[1]);

printf ("second element %d\n", fakearray[2]);

printf ("last element %d\n", fakearray[10]);

printf ("array[-1]=%02X, array[-2]=%02X, array[-3]=%02X, array[-4]=%02X\n",

array[-1],

array[-2],

array[-3],

array[-4]);

};

Listing 3.119: Non-optimizing MSVC 2010
1 $SG2751 DB 'first element %d', 0aH, 00H
2 $SG2752 DB 'second element %d', 0aH, 00H
3 $SG2753 DB 'last element %d', 0aH, 00H
4 $SG2754 DB 'array[-1]=%02X, array[-2]=%02X, array[-3]=%02X, array[-4'
5 DB ']=%02X', 0aH, 00H
6
7 _fakearray$ = -24 ; size = 4
8 _random_value$ = -20 ; size = 4
9 _array$ = -16 ; size = 10
10 _i$ = -4 ; size = 4
11 _main PROC
12 push ebp
13 mov ebp, esp
14 sub esp, 24
15 mov DWORD PTR _random_value$[ebp], 287454020 ; 11223344H
16 ; set fakearray[] one byte earlier before array[]
17 lea eax, DWORD PTR _array$[ebp]
18 add eax, -1 ; eax=eax-1
19 mov DWORD PTR _fakearray$[ebp], eax
20 mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 0
21 jmp SHORT $LN3@main
22 ; fill array[] with 0..9
23 $LN2@main:
24 mov ecx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
25 add ecx, 1
26 mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], ecx
27 $LN3@main:
28 cmp DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 10
29 jge SHORT $LN1@main
30 mov edx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
31 mov al, BYTE PTR _i$[ebp]
32 mov BYTE PTR _array$[ebp+edx], al
33 jmp SHORT $LN2@main
34 $LN1@main:

(^36) Seehttps://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD08xx/EWD831.html