Times Educational Supplement – July 25, 2019

 Ýèö  1<3@ 

9LZLHYJO YL]PL^

Ê

SPZ[HPY KVLZU×[ NL[
P[ (UK ^OH[×Z
^VYYPUNV\ PZ
V\ KVU×[ NL[ ^O (SPZ[HPY
KVLZU×[ NL[ P[
@V\×]L HWWSPLK
L]LY[HJ[PJ MYVT V\Y WLKHNVNPJ
[VVSIV_ @V\ OH]L TLYNLK V\Y L_WLYPLUJL ^P[O YLZLHYJO MYVT JVNUP[P]L ZJPLUJL @V\×]L ZWHJLK [OL JVU[LU[ [HRPUN L]LY
WYLJH[PVU [V LUZ\YL V\ HKKYLZZ [OL SPTP[H[PVUZ VM ^VYRPUN TLTVY >OH[ PZ [OL
]P[HS JVTWVULU[ V\ OH]LU×[ MHJ[VYLK PU& 7LYOHWZ P[×Z [OL ]LY ZHTL JVTWVULU[ [OH[
\UK\SPUMS\LUJLZ JVNUP[P]L WZJOVSVNPU [OL SHIVYH[VY& ;OH[ HUUVPUN O\THU TLU[HS Z[H[L [OH[ OHZ [OL WV^LY [V KPZY\W[ HSSV\Y
OHYK ^VYR YLK\JL [OL LMMPJPLUJVM JVNUP[P]L YLZV\YJLZ HUK SPTP[ ZVTL Z[\KLU[Z× HIPSP[ [V
YLJHSS [OL PUMVYTH[PVU&
7LYOHWZ ^OH[ V\×]L V]LYSVVRLK PZ LTV[PVU -VY ^OPSL ^L TH KPZJ\ZZ H[ SLUN[O [OL YVSL VM
HU_PL[` HUK P[Z SPURZ ^P[O TLU[HS OLHS[O HUK
^LSSILPUN V[OLY MHJL[Z VM LTV[PVU YLTHPU HSS
I[ HIZLU[ MYVT [OL LK\JH[PVU JVU]LYZH[PVU

OPJO PZ VKK PM V\ JVUZPKLY [OH[ [OL YLZLHYJO PZ JSLHY [OH[ LTV[PVUZ OH]L HU PTWVY[HU[ YVSL [V WSH PU WYVJLZZLZ Z\JO HZ
H[[LU[PVU TLTVYHUK KLJPZPVUTHRPUN HUK [OH[ [OL HYL HSZV SPURLK [V V[OLY MHJ[VYZ
Z\JO HZ TV[P]H[PVU
0U H YLJLU[ PU[LY]PL^ ^P[O7H V1VOU
+\USVZR H JVNUP[P]L WZJOVSVNPZ[ H[ 2LU[
:[H[L <UP]LYZP[PU [OL <UP[LK :[H[LZ Z\NNLZ[LK [OH[ MHJ[VYZ Z\JO HZ LTV[PVUZ HUK TV[P]H[PVU ÙOH]L[VWSH H WHY[ PU
SLHYUPUNÚ 4LHU^OPSL 4HY/LSLU 0TTVYKPUV@HUN HUK (U[VUPV +HTHZPV VM [OL )YHPU HUK *YLH[P]P[ 0UZ[P[[L H[ [OL
<UP]LYZP[VM :V\[OLYU *HSPMVYUPH W\[ [OL JHZL MVY LTV[PVU PU SLHYUPUN H SP[[SL TVYL MVYJLM\SS PUZPZ[PUN [OH[ ÙHUJVTWL[LU[ [LHJOLY YLJVNUPZLZ [OH[ LTV[PVUZ HUK MLLSPUNZ HMMLJ[ Z[\KLU[Z× WLYMVYTHUJL HUK SLHYUPUNÚ ;OL HKK! Ù,K\JH[VYZ VM[LU MHPS [V JVUZPKLY
[OH[ [OL OPNO SL]LSZ VM JVNUP[P]L ZRPSSZ [H\NO[
PU ZJOVVSZ PUJS\KPUN YLHZVUPUN HUK KLJPZPVU
THRPUN SHUN\HNL YLHKPUN HUK TH[OLTH[PJZ
KV UV[ M\UJ[PVU HZ YH[PVUHS KPZLTIVKPLK
ZZ[LTZ PUMS\LUJLK I\[ KL[HJOLK MYVT LTV[PVU HUK [OL IVKÚ 0TTVYKPUV@HUN
HUK +HTHZPV 
;OL ]HZ[ THQVYP[VM LTV[PVU YLZLHYJO OHZ MVJ\ZLK VU [OL YVSL VM MLHY HUK HU_PL[ -VY
L_HTWSL 5PJR )LYNNYLU KPZJV]LYLK [OH[ [YHP[
HU_PL[WSHJLZ NYLH[LY WYLZZ\YL VU JVNUP[P]L SVHK [O\Z YLK\JPUN [OL HIPSP[ [V MVJ\Z VU
[OL [HZR PU OHUK )LYNNYLU 9PJOHYKZ ;H`SVY
L[ HS  (UK (TP[HZO 6QOH MV\UK [OH[
ULNH[P]L LTV[PVUZ PUJYLHZL JVNUP[P]L SVHK

VM PUKP]PK\HSZ ^P[O SV^LY SL]LSZ VM PU[LSSPNLUJL

I\[ OH]L UV PTWHJ[ VU [OVZL VM H]LYHNL

PU[LSSPNLUJL 6QOH ,Y]HZ HUK .VSH 

4LHU^OPSL PUJVYWVYH[PUN LTV[PVUSHKLU

Z[PT\SP IV[O WVZP[P]L HUK ULNH[P]L ^P[O

[VILYLTLTILYLK PUMVYTH[PVU OHZ ILLU

MV\UK [V LUOHUJL YLJHSS ^OPSL PUK\JPUN SV^

TVVKZ JHU PUOPIP[ P[ ZLL :TP[O  MVY

H TVYL JVTWYLOLUZP]L KPZJ\ZZPVU

6[OLY YLZLHYJO Z[\KPLZ PU[V LTV[PVU OH]L

PU]LZ[PNH[LK [OL YLSH[PVUZOPW IL[^LLU

IVYLKVT HUK J\YPVZP[` 4HUU HUK *HKTHU

 HUK [OL YVSL VM ILUPNU LU]` VU

TV[P]H[PVU 3HUNL HUK *Y\ZP\Z 

)\[ KLZWP[L [OPZ PTWYLZZP]L YLZLHYJO IHZL

LK\JH[PVU Ô HUK WHY[PJ\SHYS` T\JO JVNUP[P]L

WZ`JOVSVN` YLZLHYJO Ô JVU[PU\LZ [V

[YLH[ LTV[PVU HZ OH]PUN SP[[SL YLSH[PVUZOPW

[V JVNUP[PVU ;OL X\LZ[PVU PZ! ^O`&

Ê÷òççïèõìñäæëìñäöëòó

;YHKP[PVUHSS` LTV[PVU HUK JVNUP[PVU

OH]L ILLU [YLH[LK HZ ZLWHYH[L WYVJLZZLZ

,]LU TVYL KL[YPTLU[HSS` WLYOHWZ

LTV[PVUZ OH]L ILLU ]PL^LK VUS`

HZ H KPZ[YHJ[PVU HU L_[YHULV\Z ]HYPHISL

^P[O [OL WV^LY [V KPZY\W[ L]LU [OL

TVZ[ JHYLM\SS` JVU[YVSSLK L_WLYPTLU[

0TTVYKPUV@HUN HUK +HTHZPV SPRLU [OPZ

]PL^ VM LTV[PVUZ [V H [VKKSLY PU H JOPUH

ZOVW PU[LYMLYPUN ^P[O [OL VYKLYS` YV^Z VM

ZOLS]LZ 4HU` YLZLHYJOLYZ [OLYLMVYL OH]L

[LUKLK [V JVU[YVS MVY LTV[PVUZ YH[OLY [OHU

HJJLW[ [OLPY YVSL PU SLHYUPUN HUK HJOPL]LTLU[

Ô [OL` Z[PJR LTV[PVUZ PU YLPUZ HUK [Y` [V

MVYNL[ HIV\[ [OLT

0U ZJOVVSZ P[ PZ LHZ` MVY \Z [V [OPUR [OPZ ^H`

[VV! V\Y WV^LY [V PUMS\LUJL LTV[PVU ^L TH`

[OPUR PZ SPTP[LK ZV Q\Z[ MVJ\Z VU [OL SLHYUPUN

)\[ [OPZ PZ Q\Z[ VUL VM THU` YLHZVUZ

LTV[PVUZ HYL VM[LU SLM[ V\[ -VY L_HTWSL

THU` VM [OL WYVISLTZ ^P[O LTV[PVUZ

HYPZL ILJH\ZL P[×Z UV[ HS^H`Z JSLHY L_HJ[S`

^OH[ LTV[PVUZ HYL VY OV^ [OL` JHU IL

Z[\KPLK (Z +\USVZR` WVPU[Z V\[! Ù<U[PS ^L

\UKLYZ[HUK P[ ^L JHUUV[ JVU[YVS MVY P[Ú

/V^L]LY ZVTL OH]L OHK Z\JJLZZ PU [Y`PUN

[V WPU [OLT KV^U (U[VUPV +HTHZPV

WYVWVZLZ H UL\YVSVNPJHS KLMPUP[PVU VM LTV[PVU

HZ ÙJVTWSL_ WYVNYHTZ VM HJ[PUN [YPNNLYLK

I` [OL WYLZLUJL VM JLY[HPU UL\YHS Z`Z[LTZÚ

+HTHZPV  ^OPSL THU` WZ`JOVSVNPZ[Z

]PL^ [OLT HZ [OYLL PU[LYYLSH[LK JVUZ[Y\J[Z!

HMMLJ[P]L [LUKLUJPLZ JVYL HMMLJ[ HUK

LTV[PVUHS L_WLYPLUJL

;OL TVZ[ YLSL]HU[ VM [OLZL [OYLL JVUZ[Y\J[Z

[V [LHJOLYZ PZ JVYL HMMLJ[ [OL ^H` ^L MLLS

H[ HU` WHY[PJ\SHY [PTL *VYL HMMLJ[ PZ HSZV

NLULYHSS` X\P[L Z[YHPNO[MVY^HYK [V TLHZ\YL

[OYV\NO ZLSMJVTWSL[PVU X\LZ[PVUUHPYLZ

^OLYL PUKP]PK\HSZ HYL HZRLK [V YH[L H MLLSPUN

PU [LYTZ VM ]HSLUJL H JVU[PU\\T YHUNPUN ¶