Science - USA (2019-01-18)

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The manuscript was improved by the insightful reviews of

anonymous reviewers. We thank Y. Yang (University of California,

Los Angeles), Y. Li (Beijing Institute of Technology), H. Xie (Central

South University), Q. Bao (East China Normal University), and

J. Xiao (Beijing Institute of Technology) for insightful data analysis

and valuable discussion. We also thank the third certification

institutions National Institute of Metrology (China) and Newport

Technology and Application Center PV Lab (USA) for

authentication tests; beamline BL14B1 (Shanghai Synchrotron

Radiation Facility, SSRF) for providing beam time and help during

the experiments; and Enli technology Co., Ltd. for help with PV

efficiency and EQE measurement.Funding:This work was

supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China

(nos. 91733301, 51672008, 51722201, 21425101, 21331001, and

21621061), MOST of China (2014CB643800), National Key

Research and Development Program of China (grant nos.

2017YFA0206701 and 2017YFA0205101), Beijing Natural Science

Foundation (4182026), National Key Research and Development

Program of China (grant no. 2016YFB0700700), National

Natural Science Foundation of China (51673025), Beijing Municipal

Science and Technology Project (no. Z181100005118002), and

Young Talent Thousand Program.Author contributions:L.W. and

H.Z. conceived the idea and designed the project. H.Z., C.-H.Y.,

and L.-D.S. directed and supervised the research. L.W. fabricated

and characterized devices. Y.H., Y.C., L.L., Z.X., and N.L. also

contributed to device fabrication. L.W. performed the SEM, PL,

UPS, UV-vis, XPS, and XRD measurements. GIWAXS was

performed and analyzed by G.Z., supported by BL14B1 beamline of

SSRF. B.D. and Z.L. performed EPR. M.S. and B.H. carried out DFT

calculation. L.W. drafted the manuscript; Q.C. and H.Z. revised and

finalized the manuscript.Competing interests:The authors have no

competing interests.Data and materials availability:All data are

available in the main text or the supplementary materials.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/363/6424/265/suppl/DC1

Materials and Methods

Supplementary Text

Figs. S1 to S18

Tables S1 to S3

References ( 52 – 57 )

24 June 2018; resubmitted 25 September 2018

Accepted 28 November 2018

10.1126/science.aau5701

Wanget al.,Science 363 , 265–270 (2019) 18 January 2019 6of6

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