Affect: A Field Experiment,” Psychonomic Science 17 (1969): 216–17.
never consciously sees : Jennifer L. Monahan, Sheila T. Murphy, and
Robert B. Zajonc, “Subliminal Mere Exposure: Specific, General, and
Diffuse Effects,” Psychological Science 11 (2000): 462–66.
inhabiting the shell : D. W. Rajecki, “Effects of Prenatal Exposure to
Auditory or Visual Stimulation on Postnatal Distress Vocalizations in
Chicks,” Behavioral Biology 11 (1974): 525–36.
“The consequences...social stability” : Robert B. Zajonc, “Mere Exposure:
A Gateway to the Subliminal,” Current Directions in Psychological
Science 10 (2001): 227.
triad of words : Annette Bolte, Thomas Goschke, and Julius Kuhl, “Emotion
and Intuition: Effects of Positive and Negative Mood on Implicit Judgments
of Semantic Coherence,” Psychological Science 14 (2003): 416–21.
association is retrieved : The analysis excludes all cases in which the
subject actually found the correct solution. It shows that even subjects who
will ultimately fail to find a common association have some idea of whether
there is one to be found.
increase cognitive ease : Sascha Topolinski and Fritz Strack, “The
Architecture of Intuition: Fluency and Affect Determine {ectition Intuitive
Judgments of Semantic and Visual Coherence and Judgments of
Grammaticality in Artificial Grammar Learning,” Journal of Experimental
Psychology—General 138 (2009): 39–63.
doubled accuracy : Bolte, Goschke, and Kuhl, “Emotion and Intuition.”
form a cluster : Barbara Fredrickson, Positivity: Groundbreaking
Research Reveals How to Embrace the Hidden Strength of Positive
Emotions, Overcome Negativity, and Thrive (New York: Random House,
2009). Joseph P. Forgas and Rebekah East, “On Being Happy and
Gullible: Mood Effects on Skepticism and the Detection of Deception,”
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44 (2008): 1362–67.
smiling reaction : Sascha Topolinski et al., “The Face of Fluency: Semantic
Coherence Automatically Elicits a Specific Pattern of Facial Muscle
Reactions,” Cognition and Emotion 23 (2009): 260–71.
“previous research...individuals” : Sascha Topolinski and Fritz Strack,
“The Analysis of Intuition: Processing Fluency and Affect in Judgments of
Semantic Coherence,” Cognition and Emotion 23 (2009): 1465–1503.

6: Norms, Surprises, and Causes

An observer : Daniel Kahneman and Dale T. Miller, “Norm Theory:
Comparing Reality to Its Alternatives,” Psychological Review 93 (1986):