FIGURE N3–1b
The second derivative, denoted by f ′′(x) or or y ′′, is the (first) derivative of f ′(x). Also, f ′′(a)
is the second derivative of f (x) at x = a.
B. FORMULAS
The formulas in this section for finding derivatives are so important that familiarity with them is
essential. If a and n are constants and u and v are differentiable functions of x, then: