Article
Data availability
The data that produced and support the findings of this study are avail-
able from the corresponding author upon request.
Code availability
Strain and rotation mapping using real-space peak fitting, geometric
phase analysis and other Fourier filtering measurements were per-
formed using custom MATLAB scripts. The raw image data and analysis
codes are available upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgements Synthesis and image analysis of the nanocrystal samples were supported
by the Research Center Program of IBS in Korea (IBS-R006-D1 to T.H.; IBS-R006-G1 to Y.-E.S.
and K.K. The theoretical part of this work was also supported by the US Department of Energy,
Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering
Division, under contract number DE-AC02-05-CH11231 within the Physical Chemistry of
Inorganic Nanostructures Program (KC3103 to A.P.A.). The computational work was supported
by the Supercomputing Center/Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information with
supercomputing resources including technical support (KSC-2014-C3-037 to K.K.). Work at the
Molecular Foundry was supported by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences,
of the US Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231. Experiments at
PLS-II were supported in part by MSIP and POSTECH.Author contributions M.H.O., M.G.C., A.P.A. and T.H. conceived the research. M.H.O. and
M.G.C. designed and performed the experiments and analysed the results. I.P. and K.K.
performed the density functional theory calculations and analysis. Y.P.K. and S.M. conducted
the computer-vision-based image processing of HAADF-STEM images. C.O. conducted the
strain tensor measurements for the HAADF-STEM micrographs. M.G.K. and B.J. contributed to
the analysis of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data,
respectively. D.Y.C., J.M.Y., D.K., X.W.G. and Y.-E.S. discussed and commented on the results. J.J.
and J.H. prepared the samples for the TEM analysis. M.H.O., M.G.C., D.K., A.P.A. and T.H. wrote
the manuscript. A.P.A. and T.H. supervised the project. All the authors commented on the
manuscript.
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.Additional information
Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-
1899-3.
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.P.A. or T.H.
Peer review information Nature thanks Laura Bocher, Yong Ding and the other, anonymous,
reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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