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Scene i, line 112 “Down!”

Scene ii, line 80 “Thou li’st, thou

shag‑eared villain!”

Scene iii, line 31 “Bleed, bleed, poor

country:.. .”

Scene iii, line 100 “O Scotland. Scotland!”

SCENE AND LINE EXCLAMATION REASON

Conventions and Style

Exclamatory Phrases Shakespeare uses exclamatory phrases throughout

the play. Phrases like “Woe, alas” and “Fie, for shame!” express strong

emotion and call attention to significant moments in the play. They are

extreme reactions to extreme events, and they are usually indicated by the

presence of an exclamation mark. Act IV abounds in heartfelt expressions of

emotion that convey fear and horror. Note Macduff’s speech in Act IV, Scene

iii, when he exclaims, “Fit to govern! / No, not to live. O nation miserable!”

The words burst out, almost as if Macduff cannot control his tongue.

Look for these exclamatory phrases in Act IV. Use this chart to indicate the

reason for each exclamation.

Read It

1. Reread Scene iii. Look for exclamation marks that indicate possible
   exclamatory phrases. Note the situation in which the exclamation is made.


2. Connect to Style Choose a line from Scene iv that contains an
   exclamation. Rewrite the line as an ordinary statement that expresses the
   same thought. What effect is created by the rewrite? Is it more effective
   or less effective than the original? Explain.

Write It

Notebook Write some lines of verse that contain exclamatory phrases.

Experiment with using iambic pentameter. Your verse may be original or

retell a moment from the play from a different character’s point of view.

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

 STANDARDS

Reading Literature

Analyze the impact of the author’s

choices regarding how to develop

and relate elements of a story

or drama.

Language

Apply knowledge of language to

understand how language functions

in different contexts, to make

effective choices for meaning or style,

and to comprehend more fully when

reading or listening.

The Tragedy of Macbeth, Act IV 333

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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Conventions and Style

If students have difficulty understanding the

impact of exclamatory phrases, then have them

read aloud examples with heightened emotion.

Have volunteers read additional examples for

more practice. For Reteach and Practice, see

Conventions and Style: Exclamatory Phrases

(RP).

Selection Test

Administer the “The Tragedy of Macbeth, Act IV”

Selection Test, which is available in both print and

digital formats online in Assessments.

Conventions and Style

Exclamatory Phrases In reviewing the

exclamatory phrases in Act IV, readers should

keep in mind that Shakespeare’s plays were

expected to be performed. His exclamatory

marks can be considered a sort of direction to

actors that these phrases should be read with

heightened emotion. For more support, see

Conventions and Style: Exclamatory

Phrases.

See possible responses in chart on student

page.

Read It

Possible responses:

1. “Thy hope ends here!” (Scene iii, line 113)
   Macduff loses hope that Malcolm is fit to rule.
   “But God above / Deal between thee and me!”
   (Scene iii, lines 120−121) Malcolm asks for God’s
   and Macduff’s help.


2. Connect to Style “Alas poor country / Almost
   afraid to know itself! (Scene iii, lines 164−165)
   Scotland is in a sad state. The rewrite is less
   effective, because the use of exclamatory phrases
   makes the audience feel the effect of events, and
   their impact on the characters, more strongly.

Write It

Notebook Responses will vary but should

contain lines of verse with exclamatory phrases

and iambic pentameter.

HOW LANGUAGE WORKS

Exclamatory Phrases Have partners work together to identify

examples of exclamatory phrases in Macbeth’s words to the witches

in lines 112–124, in Act IV, Scene i. Then have them practice reading

this speech, keeping in mind the exclamatory phrases and what

they show about Macbeth’s feelings. Invite volunteers to present

the speech. Discuss what students learned from this activity.

Macbeth wants the vision of Banquo to go away.

Macduff’s son defends his father to the murderer.

Macduff laments the fate of Scotland.

Macduff, again, mourns for Scotland.

Whole-Class Learning 333

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