Scientific American - USA (2020-04)

April 2020, ScientificAmerican.com 5

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will most certainly degrade more quickly

and with less harm than a petroleum-

based plastic one.

The war to save our environment re-

quires maximum effort on everyone’s part.

No effort in this regard is too small.

James E. Britsch Santa Barbara, Calif.

ROUSH REPLIES: My column about plas­

tic was meant to combat the idea that

“biodegradable” means “safe for the envi­

ronment.” Quite the reverse is true if your

paramount goal is to lower greenhouse

gas emissions.

Epstein is right that fallen leaves bio­

degrade. But if humans can avoid adding

to the natural carbon cycle—in this case,

by switching to nonbiodegradable bioplas­

tic and disposing of it responsibly—then

we should. Plastic pollution remains a

significant problem. But the solution is to

stop abandoning plastic in the environ­

ment, not to hope that it decays there.

To respond to Britsch’s comment: A

bag’s full life­cycle impact is what counts.

Re usable cotton bags often consist of cot­

ton grown on farms in China that use

enormous amounts of irrigation water

and are manufactured in textile plants

that run on coal­fired electricity. In a thor­

ough 2017 report, the Canadian govern­

ment corporation Recyc­Québec deter­

mined that a cotton bag must be reused

between 100 and 3,000 times to bring its

life­cycle impact level down to that of a

conventional plastic (high­density poly­

ethylene) bag used just once.

E R R ATA

“GPS Down,” by Paul Tullis, should have

indicated that the civilian and military

signals sent by GPS satellites are distin-

guished by special bits of code, not en-

cryption keys.

“X-ray Vision,” by Belinda  J. Wilkes, in-

correctly implied that the supernova that

created the neutron star in the Crab Nebu-

la occurred in the year 1054. It was first

observed on Earth at that time but had

occurred thousands of years earlier.

“Odd Disturbances Pierce the Uni-

verse,” by Katie Peek [Graphic Science],

erroneously described the lasers in two

LIGO gravitational-wave detector sites as

located underground. They run in above-

ground tubes 2.5 miles  long.

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