Rome, the Greek World, and the East, Vol. 1 - The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution

 The Augustan Revolution

enemygeneralbytheRomancommanderwhohadpersonallykilledhimin
battle)toLiciniusCrassus(Dio,,;cf.Livy,,–).From..
some provincial governors continued to have the title proconsul, and ap-
pointmentbylotwasnowrestoredintheircase.^85 Butthegovernorsofmost
ofthemajormilitaryprovinceslostthistitleinfavouroflegatus,andcon-
tinuedtobeappointedbyAugustus;howsoonthefulltitle,‘‘legatusAugusti
propraetore’’(alegateofAugustuswithpraetorianrank),cameintoregu-
lar use is curiously difficult to determine;^86 but ‘‘leg. Augusti’’ appears on
coinsofP.CarisiusinLusitaniainthemids..,^87 and‘‘leg.imp.Caesaris
Aug.’’(ILS)isusedofArticuleiusRegulus,governorthereintheperiod
..–.Thechangewasthusfarfrombeingunambiguouslyastepinthe
directionofrepublicanism;ourevidenceprovidesonlyasingleuncertainin-
stancefromtheRepublicofalegateusinghiscommander’snameinhistitle.^88
Moreover,whileproconsulscontinuedforafewyears,downto..,to
celebratetriumphs,nolegateappointedbyAugustuseverdid,orcould.
The notion that these two methods of appointment and two forms of
titulaturereflectedafundamentaldivisionofpoliticalandadministrativere-
sponsibility between Princeps and Senate is an illusion.^89 Nor can we tell
whatformaldescriptionwasappliedtoAugustus’positioninrelationtothe
imperialprovinces.Itmaybethathewasformallyproconsuloftheseprov-
inceswhileconcurrentlyholdingtheconsulship(Pompeyhadalreadybeen
proconsulofSpain—Caes.BG,,—whenelectedconsulinwhilecon-
tinuinghiscommand;cf.Vell.Pat.,,);butnodocumentgivesAugustus
oranyotheremperorthetitleofproconsuluntilthereignofTrajan.^90 Itmay
be, alternatively, that some formula employing the term ‘‘proconsularim-
perium’’ (imperium proconsulare),ora similarexpression,was devised; but for

. Dio,,.
. IowethisessentialpointtoProfessorBadian.Thedocumentaryevidenceisstillvery
poorforthisperiod.InHispaniaCiterior,however,itisclearthat‘‘legatuspropraetore’’
wasnormal—seeG.Alföldy,Fasti Hispanienses():–—thoughPaullusFabiusMaxi-
mus,c./..,uses‘‘legat.Caesaris’’(p.).‘‘[Legatuspro]pr.AugustiCaesarisin[Illyrico]’’
isusedof M.Vinicius,there/orsomeyearslater;seeA.Dobo,Die Verwaltung der rö-
mischen Provinz Pannonien(),–.MilestonesfromGalatiaof..have‘‘Commodus
Aquila,hislegatus propraetorebeingincharge’’(curante Com. Aquila leg. suo pro pr.);seeR.K.
Sherk,The Legates of Galatia(),.
. Alföldy(n.),.
. SeeJ.M.Reynolds,‘‘Cyrenaica,PompeyandCn.CorneliusLentulusMarcellinus,’’
JRS():–,no.ILLRP^2 I,.
. SeeMillar(n.).
. Mommsen(n.),,.