State and Subject relationshipwhichmusthavebeenformedatthesamemomentwithscores,
perhapshundreds,ofotherGreekcities:
Theambassadorssentbyyou...havingcometomeatEphesus,ad-
dressed me on the matters on which they had instructions. On re-
ceivingthemIfoundthemtobepatrioticandgoodmen,andaccepted
the honours and the gold crown.When I come to those parts I will
do my best to be of service toyou and to preserve the privileges of
thecity.^3Ephesus had thus been for a moment the political focus of the Graeco-
Romanworld,andnoonetherecouldhavebeenunawarethatpowerhad
justchangedhands.ButthevotetakeninRomein..wasalsoknown
inEphesus,andAugustus/Sebastoswasalreadysocommonatermthat‘‘the
Sebastos’’couldmeanastatue—alreadyordered,made,andceremoniallyin-
stalled. Associated with that was a sanctuary (temenos); newelements have
enteredthecommunalactivity,thereligiouslife,andthevisibletopography
ofthecity.
ByimplicationwhatIhavebeensayingisthatonewaytotrytoapproach
thatcrucialturningpointwhichisthereignofAugustusistolookathow
theworldwasrepresented,ormirrored,inhundredsofcommunitiesround
theMediterranean;fortherereallywasarevolution,aboveallarevolution
ofconsciousness,butitwasnotonlyaRomanone.Ofcourse,ifwedolook,
wecanonlyseewhatthereistobeseen.FromcitiesintheGreekworld,in
NorthAfrica,Italy,orsouthernGaultherearewrittendocuments,architec-
turalremains,statues,coins.Elsewheretheremaybeliterallynothing,orat
bestataleofconquest,seenfromtheoutside.
SoallwecandoistoexaminetheinherentlogicwhenAugustusisrepre-
sented,inwordorsymbol.^4 Sometimesthereisaidfromunexpectedquar-
ters, for instance a red cow named Thayris.This hitherto unknown con-
stituentoftheearlyRomanEmpiresteppedintothelightofhistoryinthe
pagesoftheJournal of Egyptian Archaeologyof;apapyruspublishedthere
records that shewas leased out in ..by the slave of a Roman citizen
resident in Egypt.We know the date because it was ‘‘the fifth yearof the
dominion[kratesis]ofCaesar,sonofagod.’’^5 Fortyyearslaterthosecitizens
.IGLSIII,:Sherk(n.),no.,doc.iii.
. IammuchindebtedthroughouttothemethodologyofS.R.F.Price,‘‘BetweenMan
andGod:SacrificeintheRomanImperialCult,’’JRS():,andtohisRituals and
Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor().
. SeeJ.R.Rea,‘‘LeaseofaRedCowNamedThayris,’’JEA():.