The Hellenistic World and Rome
been re-founded as the Latin colony (colonia) of Paestum, and another, Di-
caearchia, as the Roman colony of Puteoli.^8 The Greek cities of Sicily had
provided the battleground for the First Punic War;^9 while in the Second the
kingdom of Hiero had come to an end, Syracuse had fallen, and the whole
island had become a Roman province, with a complex network of statuses
and obligations, later to be illuminated by Cicero’s speeches against Verres.^10
The history of the later Greek city under Roman rule in the West—on the
Mediterranean coast of Spain, on the coast of Gaul (Massilia with Nicaea
and Antipolis), in Italy (above all Neapolis, still a major centre for Greek
festivals in the imperial period), and in Sicily—is a major historical topic,
which cannot be properly treated here. It need only be stressed, as regards
the complex relations of the wider Greek world to Rome in the Hellenistic
period, that this area, though certainly marginal, was never unknown or ir-
relevant. In Livy’s narrative of the year .., for instance, we read how
a meeting of the Aetolian league was addressed by ambassadors from Mace-
don, who reminded the league that Syracuse, Messina, Lilybaeum, Regium,
Tarentum, and Capua were all now subject to Rome.^11 By the time that Livy
was writing Diodorus had already given the history of Greek Sicily, from
the earliest times to his own day, a central place in his universalBibliotheca;^12
while if any Greeks had ever been disposed to read Latin, they could have
studied the most ‘‘Hellenistic’’ of all universal histories, theHistoriae Philippi-
caeof Pompeius Trogus, a Vocontian who surely owed his historical culture
to the influence of Massilia.^13
This is not the place to rehearse the conclusive steps which gave Rome a
central place in the Greek world: first, the suppression of the revolt of Andri-
skos, the defeat of the Achaean league, and the establishment of the province
of Macedonia, including Greece proper; and, then, the end of the Attalid
kingdom and the formation of the province of Asia. But for how a Greek city
would manage its dealings both with Roman governors and with the politi-
. For a general account of Posidonia/Paestum, as revealed by excavation, see J. G.
Pedley,Paestum:GreeksandRomansinSouthernItaly(); for Dicaearchia/Puteoli, M. Fred-
eriksen,Campania(), chap. .
. D. Roussel,Les Siciliens entre les Romains et les Carthaginois à l’époque de la première guerre
punique().
. For a survey of later Republican Sicily, see R. J. A. Wilson,Sicily under the Roman
Empire: The Archaeology of a Roman Province, ..–..(), chap. : ‘‘Background.’’
. Livy , –.
. See K. S. Sacks,Diodorus Siculus and the First Century(), esp. –.
. See J. M. Alonso-Nuñez, ‘‘An Augustan World History: TheHistoriae Philippicaeof
Pompeius Trogus,’’Greece and Rome (): .