Rome and the East
of Antiochus I on Nemrud Dagh, with its magnificent free-standing sculp-
tures.^46 We would expect that here, as in the other border regions absorbed
by Rome, Greek and a dialect of Aramaic persisted together. This is tenta-
tively confirmed by the evidence of Lucian (who in different passages calls
himself both an ‘‘Assyrian’’ and a ‘‘Syrian’’)^47 when in theBis Accusatus(Twice
Accused) he makes ‘‘Rhetoric,’’ in the role of his accuser, call him as a youth
‘‘a barbarian still, so far as he sounds, and still wearing a Persian garment after
the Assyrian fashion.’’ This could easily be dismissed as a depiction of standard
rhetorical exaggeration, referring at most to a local accent or a mere rusticity.
But we have just enough evidence to show that such a conclusion would be
over-hasty. For what may be the earliest product of Syriac literature, the let-
ter of Mara bar Sarapion,^48 is the work of a Samosatene writing to his son
in the period after the expulsion of some citizens from there (including the
writer) by the Romans; the occasion cannot be definitely determined, and
might be any moment from the capture in to the third century. Moreover
we have an apparently genuine martyr act from Samosata, written in Syriac
and relating to the early fourth century.^49
From the mere fact that Paul is described as a Samosatene we cannot
simply assume that he was born and brought up there.^50 But if we grant that
it is probable that he had some substantial connection with the place, then
it is not unlikely that he spoke Syriac as well as Greek (for there can be no
possible doubt that he used Greek as bishop of Antioch). But, even so, the
speaking or writing of Syriac did not of itself represent a rival, ‘‘oriental,’’
culture. Just as early Syriac documents and literary works exhibit numerous
Greek loan-words,^51 so for instance the letter of Mara bar Sarapion itself has
a Stoic colouring and is replete with allusions from the history of classical
Greece.^52
Moreover, the same doubts which must be felt about the ‘‘orientalism’’
. See F. K. Dörner and R. Neumann,ForschungeninKommagene(); F. K. Dörner and
T. Goell,Arsameia am Nymphaios: Die Ausgrabungen im Hierothesion des Mithridates Kallinikos
von –(). Cf. F. K. Dörner,Kommagene, ein wiederentdecktes Königreich^2 ().
.dea Syra: ‘‘and I write, being an Assyrian.’’Scyth.:‘‘usSyrians.’’
. Text and English translation (–) by W. Cureton,Spicilegium Syriacum().
Cf. F. Schulthess, ‘‘Der Brief des Mara bar Sarapion,’’ZDMG (): ; R. Duval,La
littérature syriaque^2 (), –; A. Baumstark,Geschichte der syrischen Literatur(), .
. See Duval (n. ), .
. Compare the remarks of R. Syme, ‘‘Hadrian and Italica,’’JRS (): .
. See A. Schall,Studien über griechische Fremdwörter im Syrischen(), –.
. The writer uses, in the course of providingexempla, the names of Polycrates, Achilles,
Agamemnon, Priam, Archimedes, Socrates, Pythagoras, Palamedes, and Plato.