Psychology2016

152 CHAPTER 4

Practice Quiz How much do you remember?

Pick the best answer.

1. The sleep–wake cycle typically follows a 24-hour cycle and is regu-
   lated by the __.
   a. cerebellum
   b. frontal lobe

c. pituitary gland

d. suprachiasmatic nucleus

2. The pineal gland receives instructions from the __ to
   release __.
   a. thalamus; dopamine
   b. occipital lobe; serotonin
   c. suprachiasmatic nucleus; melatonin
   d. spinal cord; acetylcholine


3. Which of the following is involved in determining when we sleep?
   a. body position
   b. digestion

c. body temperature

d. GABA

4. Which theory states that sleep is a product of evolution?
   a. restorative theory
   b. reactive theory

c. adaptive theory

d. REM theory

5. Which of the following is a characteristic of stage N3, or slow-wave
   sleep?
   a. paralysis of voluntary muscles
   b. increased heart rate
   c. deepest level of sleep
   d. increased body temperature


6. Sleepwalking occurs in stage __ sleep, whereas night-
   mares occur in stage __ sleep.
   a. N1; N2 c. N2; N1
   b. R; N3 d. N3; R

Sleep

(sleep is one of the body's daily [circadian] biological rhythms; sleep–wake cycle controlled by the brain

including the hypothalamus and the neurotransmitter serotonin)

SCN is sensitive to light—influences pineal gland’s secretion of melatonin

(↑melatonin 5 ↑sleepiness)

light through eyes relayed to SCN; SCN signals pineal gland to stop

producing melatonin (↓melatonin 5 ↑alertness/↓sleepiness)

SCN also influences body temperature (↓temperature 5 ↑sleepiness)

hypothalamus contains

the suprachiasmatic

nucleus (SCN)

people can live without

sleep for a while, can’t

live without it altogether

sleep deprivation can lead to serious changes in body and mental functioning

amount of sleep needed ranges from 4–10 hours;

most people need 7–9 hours every 24 hours

adaptive theory of sleep suggests sleep is a product of evolution;

sleep has evolved to avoid the active time of predators

restorative theory of sleep suggests sleep is vital to the physical health of

the body; body growth and repair occur during the deepest stages of sleep

N1: while awake, primarily beta activity, more alpha as one relaxes, onset of sleep in

N1 is associated with alpha being replaced by theta

N2: EEG sleep spindles appear; theta activity is predominant; body temperature

continues to drop, heart rate and breathing slow

N3: deepest stage of sleep; delta activity makes up 20% to more than 50% of EEG

activity; body is at lowest level of functioning and people are hard to awaken; sleep

disorders such as sleepwalking and night terrors occur in this stage

R: dreaming occurs, including nightmares; eyes move rapidly under the eyelids

and EEG indicates presence of beta, but body is typically still, due to sleep

paralysis; REM behavior disorder occurs when body is not still or acts out

dreams, usually seen in men over age 60

consist of both REM (rapid

eye movement) and non-REM

stages; REM is relatively active

whereas non-REM is much

deeper and restful; stages

defined by level of brain

activity as measured by

the EEG (beta, alpha, theta,

delta waves); sleep cycle

is made up of various

stages repeated 4–5 times

a night

sleep disorders include

a variety of problems that

can interfere with sleep

insomnia is the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep

sleep apnea consists of loud snoring and stopped breathing

narcolepsy consists of sudden onset of REM sleep during

otherwise waking hours

Concept Map L.O. 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6

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