Psychology2016

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Consciousness 171

Table 4. 5 How Drugs Affect Consciousness
Drug Classification Common Name Main Effect Adverse Effects
Stimulants Stimulation, excitement
Amphetamines Methamphetamine,
speed, Ritalin, Dexedrine

Risk of addiction, stroke, fatal heart problems,
psychosis
Cocaine Cocaine, crack Risk of addiction, stroke, fatal heart problems,
psychosis
Nicotine Tobacco Addiction, cancer
Caffeine Coffee, tea, energy drinks Addiction, high blood pressure
Depressants Relaxation
Barbiturates (major tranquilizers) Nembutal, Seconal Addiction, brain damage, death
Benzodiazepines
(minor tranquilizers)

Valium, Xanax, Halcion,
Ativan, Rohypnol

Lower risk of overdose and addiction when taken
alone
Alcohol Beer, wine, spirits Alcoholism, health problems, depression, increased
risk of accidents, death
Opiates Opium, Morphine, heroin Euphoria Addiction, death
Hallucinogens LSD, PCP, MDMA
(Ecstasy), marijuana

Distorted consciousness,
altered perception

Possible permanent memory problems, bad “trips,”
suicide, overdose, and death

LSD
PCP
MDMA (Ecstasy)

marijuana

amphetamines
cocaine
nicotine
caffeine

physical dependence: user’s body needs a drug to function;
drug tolerance and withdrawal are warning signs/symptoms
psychological dependence: user believes drug is needed to function

stimulants
increase functioning
of nervous system barbiturates
major tranquilizers
benzodiazepines
minor tranquilizers—
Valium, Xanax,
Halcion, Ativan,
Librium, Rohypnol
alcohol

depressants
have sedative effect

opium
morphine
heroin
methadone
does not produce euphoria; used to treat heroin addiction

hallucinogens

manufactured

nonmanufactured

alter brain’s interpretation of sensations

Why do some people continue
to use or become addicted to
psychoactive drugs?

types

The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs
(drugs that alter thinking, perception, or memory)

opiates
euphoria-producing
and pain-relieving
drugs derived from
opium

Concept Map L.O. 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14


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Practice Quiz How much do you remember?


Pick the best answer.



  1. As consequences to stopping drug use, headaches, nausea, shak-
    ing, and elevated blood pressure are all signs of
    a. withdrawal.
    b. overdose.


c. psychological dependency.
d. amphetamine toxicity.


  1. What drug’s physical withdrawal symptoms include severe mood swings
    (crash), paranoia, extreme fatigue, and an inability to feel pleasure?
    a. heroin c. alcohol
    b. caffeine d. cocaine


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