Learning 221- In classical conditioning, behavior typically is , whereas with
operant conditioning, behavior is .
a. rewarded; punished
b. biological; internal
c. voluntary; involuntary
d. involuntary; voluntary- Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?
a. Classical conditioning
b. Law of effect
c. Observational theory
d. Insight theory- Positive reinforcement results in in the target behavior and
negative reinforcement results in in the target behavior.
a. an increase; a decrease
b. an increase; an increase
c. a decrease; a decrease
d. a decrease; an increase- Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin so as to
make her headache go away, this would be an example of
a. positive reinforcement.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. punishment.
d. generalization.- Ben gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2-week period, he works a
total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total
of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works
each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. What schedule of reinforce-
ment is being used?
a. fixed ratio
b. variable ratio
c. fixed interval
d. variable interval- Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her
parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her
cell phone privileges is an example of
a. negative reinforcement.
b. punishment by application.
c. punishment by removal.
d. learned helplessness.- What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and
punishment?
a. Both tend to strengthen a response.
b. Both tend to weaken a response.
c. Negative reinforcement strengthens a response, while punish-
ment weakens a response.
d. Negative reinforcement weakens a response, while punishment
strengthens a response.
15 Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with
operant conditioning?
a. A mother ignores her child’s temper tantrum so that the behav-
ior ultimately goes away.
b. A mother gives in to her child’s demands for candy by buying
the child some chocolate so as to quiet him or her.
c. A mother spanks a child when he or she starts throwing a
tantrum.
d. A mother gives a child chocolate prior to him or her asking for it
so as to keep a tantrum from occurring in the first place.
- Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals
exhibit instinctive drift. What does this mean?
a. The animals studied could not learn any skills even with the use
of reinforcement.
b. The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement
but eventually revert to their genetically controlled patterns of
behavior.
c. The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement,
and they remained that way no matter how much reinforcement
they were given.
d. The animals studied could only learn skills similar to those found
in the wild. - Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might
deal with a fast-approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers
asked how he came up with his idea, he said, “It just came to me
out of nowhere.” Psychologists would refer to this as
a. latent learning. c. insight learning.
b. learned helplessness. d. observational learning. - Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and
was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her
best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for col-
lege algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain
her reluctance?
a. latent learning c. insight learning
b. learned helplessness d. observational learning - What does AMID stand for?
a. Attention, Memory, Intention, Detention
b. Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire
c. Ask, Memory, Imitate, Develop
d. Association, Memory, Imitation, Desires - Darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and
gotten trim by exercising 1 to 2 hours each day. However, she has
no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura’s
model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not
started a similar weight-loss program?
a. Darla’s unconscious does not believe she can achieve the goal.
b. Darla is not motivated, nor does she have the desire to begin
the program.
c. Darla’s self-esteem must first be addressed.
d. Darla’s unwillingness may be a sign of mental disorder.