264 CHAPTER 6
- You are introduced to someone at a party. While talking with the
person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person’s
name. What amount of time does it typically take before such infor-
mation is lost from short-term memory?
a. approximately ¼ of a second
b. usually no more than 4 seconds
c. typically between 12 and 30 seconds
d. Short-term memories typically last a lifetime. - Early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that
most people could remember approximately __ bits of
information.
a. two c. seven
b. three d. ten - Mary has just met an attractive man named Austin at a party. She
wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she
do?
a. Mary should repeat the name continuously so as to commit it to
long-term memory.
b. Mary should chunk it by remembering the first three letters as a
set and then remembering the remaining letters as a set.
c. Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might
remind herself that Austin has the same name as the capital of
Texas.
d. Mary should create a song to help her remember his name. - __ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate,
whereas __ memory is about what people know and
can report.
a. Nondeclarative; declarative
b. Declarative; nondeclarative
c. Semantic; nondeclarative
d. Episodic; semantic- The semantic network model of memory suggests that the __
nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it
will take for you to recall information.
a. fewer c. bigger the
b. more d. more complex the - Phineas walks out of his office and into the conference room.
However, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming
into the conference room for. According to the encoding specificity
hypothesis, what should Phineas do to regain his lost memory?
a. Phineas should return to his office to help him remember what
he had forgotten.
b. Phineas should ask someone else, “What did I come in
here for?”
c. Phineas should remain in the conference room and simply relax
so that his memory should return.
d. Phineas should consider seeing a doctor, since such memory
loss can be a sign of mental illness. - Which of the following is an example of a test using recognition?
a. short answer c. fill in the blanks
b. essay d. true–false - When creating a presentation, many public-speaking instructors
will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to your
presentation as well as a good summary and finish. What aspect of
memory best explains these suggestions?
a. parallel distributed processing model of memory
b. chunking
c. elaborative rehearsal theory
d. serial position effect
13. Your mother tells you to dress for success at your interview because
it’s all about “first impressions.” In other words, she is telling you that
people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with
what element of memory?
a. the primacy effect
b. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
c. the recency effect
d. the power of false positives
14. Research by Elizabeth Loftus shows that eyewitness recognition is
very prone to what psychologists call
a. automatic encoding. c. a flashbulb memory.
b. a false positive. d. a recency effect.
15. The tendency of certain elements to enter long-term memory with
little or no effort to encode and organize them is what defines
a. encoding specificity.
b. automatic encoding.
c. flashbulb memories.
d. eidetic imagery.- The ability to remember where you were and what you were doing
when the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001, is an
example of
a. eyewitness testimony.
b. encoding specificity hypothesis.
c. false-memory syndrome.
d. flashbulb memory. - In Hermann Ebbinghaus’s classic study on memory and the
forgetting curve, how long after learning the lists does most
forgetting happen?
a. Forgetting started
immediately.
b. 1 hour
c. 5 hours
d. 9 hours- You are surprised by the fact that you cannot remember if Abraham
Lincoln’s head faces the left or the right on a penny. This is all the
more surprising given the fact that you work with money at your job
on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain such an inability to
recall this information?
a. encoding failure
b. decay theory
c. interference theory
d. distributed practice effect- Henry Gustav Molaison, infamously known as H.M., was unable
to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what
psychologists call
a. psychogenic amnesia.
b. retrograde amnesia.
c. retroactive amnesia.
d. anterograde amnesia.- Your English instructor has given you an assignment to write down
your most favorite memory from when you were 12 months old.
What might you tell him?
a. Memories from this time are exceptionally vivid because of the
exciting nature of childhood.
b. Students will not be able to recall such memories if they had yet
to develop the ability to talk by age 1.
c. Students’ memories are detailed but often inaccurate.
d. Students will probably not be able to recall events from such an
early age. (^) e