Psychology2016

Motivation and Emotion 385

Practice Quiz How much do you remember?

Pick the best answer.

1. Which of the following is not one of the three elements of emotion?
   a. Physical arousal c. Objective experience
   b. Behavioral reaction d. Subjective experience


2. The phrase “I’m embarrassed because my face is red” is best
   explained by which theory of emotion?
   a. Cannon-Bard c. Schachter-Singer
   b. James-Lange d. common-sense theory of emotion


3. “I believe that emotions and physiological arousal tend to happen
   simultaneously.” Which theorist would be responsible for making
   such a statement?
   a. Walter Cannon or Philip Bard
   b. William James or Carl Lange
   c. Stanley Schachter or Jerome Singer
   d. Sigmund Freud or Erik Erikson


4. One day at school, someone collides with you in the hall and
   knocks you down, causing you to be angry. However, when playing
   football with friends, if you get knocked down, you do not express

anger. What theory best explains how we label each situation and

choose the appropriate emotion to show?

a. James-Lange c. Cannon-Bard

b. Schachter-Singer d. facial feedback

5. In Schachter and Singer’s classic study, participants who received
   epinephrine and were in the company of the “angry” research
   confederate interpreted their physiological arousal as __,
   whereas those who were exposed to the “happy” confederate inter-
   preted their arousal as __.
   a. anger; happiness c. happiness; happiness
   b. happiness; anger d. anger; anger


6. Eileen smiles wherever she goes. She smiles a lot in the classroom,
   which in turn prompts her fellow students to smile, making them feel
   happier too. This effect is best explained by which of the following
   theories of emotion?
   a. James-Lange c. Schachter-Singer
   b. cognitive-mediational d. facial feedback

Emotion

(is “feeling” aspect of consciousness, characterized by physiological arousal,

specific expressive behavior, and inner awareness of feelings)

physiological arousal is created by the sympathetic nervous system and is associated

with brain activity in specific areas (e.g., the amygdala) and right or left hemisphere activity

emotional expressions can vary across cultures but some expressions seem to be universal;

display rules also vary across cultures and according to gender

subjective labeling of emotion is largely a learned response,

influenced by both language and culture

Various Theories of Emotion

have been suggested, each with

a slightly different focus and

interpretation (see Fig. 9.14)

Lazarus’s cognitive-mediational theory places the

emphasis on the cognitive appraisal and interpretation

of the stimulus that causes the emotional reaction

based on ideas from Darwin, the facial feedback hypothe-

sis suggests that facial expressions (and other behaviors)

provide feedback to the brain that can intensify or cause a

specific emotion

James-Lange theory suggests that specific stimuli result

in physical arousal and leads to labeling of the emotion

Cannon-Bard theory suggests that emotion and

physiological arousal occur simultaneously

cognitive arousal theory (Schachter-Singer) suggests

that physiological arousal and the actual interpretation

of that arousal based on cues from the environment

must occur before the emotion itself is experienced

early theories

cognitive theories

Concept Map L.O. 9.8, 9.9, 9.10

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