Psychology2016

576 CHAPTER 14

messages to other cells, resulting in decreased memory and decision-making ability. Exam-

ination of differences in functional connectivity between brain areas is providing new

information about schizophrenia and its symptoms (Schilbach et al., 2016; Shaffer et al.,

2015). Measuring cortical thickness and tracking changes in the volume of gray matter and

white matter is also providing valuable information about the abnormal patterns of brain

development in schizophrenia and other disorders (Gogtay et al., 2008; Gogtay & Thomp-

son, 2010; Goldman et al., 2009; Goodkind et al., 2015).

Practice Quiz How much do you remember?

Pick the best answer.

1. David believes that characters in a popular science fiction show
   are secretly sending him messages. This would be an example of a
   delusion of
   a. persecution.
   b. reference.

c. influence.

d. grandeur.

2. Dr. Haldol has several patients with schizophrenia who appear to
   exhibit excessive or distorted characteristics in relation to what
   one might consider normal functioning. Specific symptoms include
   varied hallucinations and multiple delusions. According to the
   DSM-5, these are referred to as
   a. flat affect.
   b. positive symptoms.

c. negative symptoms.

d. catatonia.

3. Charles has suffered from schizophrenia for many years and now
   resides in a group treatment facility. One day a nurse approaches
   him and quietly tells him that his sister, who has been fighting

cancer for many months, died that morning. Charles has no appre-

ciable facial reaction, and in a very monotone voice says, “okay.”

The nurse is not surprised by Charles’s lack of response to the

awful news, because she knows that _________ is one symptom

often seen in those suffering from schizophrenia.

a. clang associations

b. echolalia

c. flat affect

d. perseveration

4. Neuroimaging studies examining potential causes of schizophrenia
   have discovered that an area of the brain called the ____
   appears to have significantly less myelin coating on the axons of its
   neurons in people with schizophrenia compared to those without
   the condition.
   a. cingulum bundle
   b. striate nuclei
   c. putamen
   d. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

primary symptoms are

(in excess or in addition to

normal functions) or negative

(absence or decrease

in normal functions)

causes

positive symptoms appear to be associated with overactivity of dopamine areas

of brain; negative with lower dopamine activity; related to dopamine hypothesis

biological roots supported by universal lifetime prevalence

across cultures of approximately 7–8 people out of 1,000;

genetics supported by twin and adoption studies

genetics and brain structural defects have been implicated

stress-vulnerability model: suggests people with genetic markers

for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed

to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development

delusions: false beliefs about the world (e.g., delusions of

persecution, delusions of grandeur, delusions of reference)

hallucinations: can occur in any sensory modality

but auditory hallucinations are most common

changes in mood:

little or no emotion)

disturbed or disorganized thoughts: often lacking structure

or relevance, most often displayed through disorganized speech

disorganized or odd behavior: ranging from periods of

immobility to odd gesturing or facial grimaces; wildly excessive

Schizophrenia movement or total lack thereof is called catatonia

(a psychotic disorder

involving a break

with reality and

disturbances in thinking,

emotions, behavior,

and perceptions)

Concept Map L.O. 14.13, 14.14

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